at a population level: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(7):e1003206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32722673/

3006

Kritchevsky SB, Beavers KM, Miller ME, et al. Intentional weight loss and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121993. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25794148/

3007

Wright N, Wilson L, Smith M, Duncan B, McHugh P. The BROAD study: a randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutr Diabetes. 2017;7(3):e256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28319109/

3008

Hall KD, Guo J, Courville AB, et al. Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake. Nat Med. 2021;27(2):344–53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33479499/

3009

Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O’Dea K. Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. Br J Nutr. 2003;90(3):717–27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13129479/

3010

Rosqvist F, Iggman D, Kullberg J, et al. Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Diabetes. 2014;63(7):2356–68. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24550191/

3011

Krishnan S, Cooper JA. Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(3):691–710. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24363161/

3012

Jonnalagadda SS, Egan SK, Heimbach JT, et al. Fatty acid consumption pattern of Americans: 1987–1988 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Nutr Res. 1995;15(12):1767–81. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US19970167025

3013

Pimenta AS, Gaidhu MP, Habib S, et al. Prolonged exposure to palmitate impairs fatty acid oxidation despite activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 2008;217(2):478–85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18561258/

3014

Chen YC, Cypess AM, Chen YC, et al. Measurement of human brown adipose tissue volume and activity using anatomic MR imaging and functional MR imaging. J Nucl Med. 2013;54(9):1584–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23868958/

3015

Darcy J, Tseng YH. ComBATing aging – does increased brown adipose tissue activity confer longevity? GeroScience. 2019;41(3):285–96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31230192/

3016

Darcy J, Tseng YH. ComBATing aging – does increased brown adipose tissue activity confer longevity? GeroScience. 2019;41(3):285–96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31230192/

3017

Ortega-Molina A, Efeyan A, Lopez-Guadamillas E, et al. Pten positively regulates brown adipose function, energy expenditure, and longevity. Cell Metab. 2012;15(3):382–94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22405073/

3018

Vatner DE, Zhang J, Oydanich M, et al. Enhanced longevity and metabolism by brown adipose tissue with disruption of the regulator of G protein signaling 14. Aging Cell. 2018;17(4):e12751. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29654651/

3019

Hoffman JM, Valencak TG. Sex differences and aging: is there a role of brown adipose tissue? Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2021;531:111310. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33989715/

3020

Dong M, Lin J, Lim W, Jin W, Lee HJ. Role of brown adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome, aging, and cancer cachexia. Front Med. 2018;12(2):130–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29119382/

3021

Rogers NH. Brown adipose tissue during puberty and with aging. Ann Med. 2015;47(2):142–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24888388/

3022

Fuse S, Endo T, Tanaka R, et al. Effects of capsinoid intake on brown adipose tissue vascular density and resting energy expenditure in healthy, middle-aged adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):E2676. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32887379/

3023

Smeets AJ, Janssens PL, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Addition of capsaicin and exchange of carbohydrate with protein counteract energy intake restriction effects on fullness and energy expenditure. J Nutr. 2013;143(4):442–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23406619/

3024

Sugita J, Yoneshiro T, Hatano T, et al. Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(4):733–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23308394/

3025

Maharlouei N, Tabrizi R, Lankarani KB, et al. The effects of ginger intake on weight loss and metabolic profiles among overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018:1–14.; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29393665/

3026

Pellagra: secondary to antiobesity diet. Postgrad Med. 1955;17(3):37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14371224/

3027

Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma BS, et al. Correspondence: health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13–27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28604169/

3028

Berrigan D, Troiano RP, Graubard BI. BMI and mortality: the limits of epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):734–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27423263/

3029

Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(23):2211–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21121834/

3030

Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma BS, et al. Correspondence: health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13–27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28604169/

3031

Aune D, Sen A, Prasad M, et al. BMI and all cause mortality: systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants. BMJ. 2016;353:i2156. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27146380/

3032

Greger M, Stone G. How Not to Die. Flatiron Books; 2015. https://www.worldcat.org/title/946602582

3033

Rae DE, Ebrahim I, Roden LC. Sleep: a serious contender for the prevention of obesity and non-communicable diseases. JEMDSA. 2016;21(1):1–2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16089677.2016.1150574

3034

Liu H, Chen A. Roles of sleep deprivation in cardiovascular dysfunctions. Life Sci. 2019;219:231–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30630005/

3035

Möller-Levet CS, Archer SN, Bucca G, et al. Effects of insufficient sleep on circadian rhythmicity and expression amplitude of the human blood transcriptome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(12):E1132–41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440187/

3036

Calvin AD, Covassin N, Kremers WK, et al. Experimental sleep restriction causes endothelial dysfunction in