Willcox DC, Scapagnini G, Willcox BJ. Healthy aging diets other than the Mediterranean: a focus on the Okinawan diet. Mech Ageing Dev. 2014;136–7:148–62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24462788/

2725

Cockerham WC, Yamori Y. Okinawa: an exception to the social gradient of life expectancy in Japan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2001;10(2):154–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11710357/

2726

Willcox DC, Willcox BJ, Todoriki H, Suzuki M. The Okinawan diet: health implications of a low-calorie, nutrient-dense, antioxidant-rich dietary pattern low in glycemic load. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009;28(sup4):500S-16S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20234038/

2727

Bajpai P. World’s 5 richest nations by GDP per capita. Nasdaq. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/worlds-5-richest-nations-by-gdp-per-capita-2021–05–20. Published May 20, 2021. Accessed January 10, 2022.; https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/worlds-5-richest-nations-by-gdp-per-capita-2021-05-20

2728

Robert L, Fulop T. Longevity and its regulation: centenarians and beyond. Interdiscip Top Gerontol. 2014;39:198–211. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24862022/

2729

Fraser GE, Shavlik DJ. Ten years of life: is it a matter of choice? Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(13):1645–52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11434797/

2730

Kent LM, Morton DP, Ward EJ, et al. The influence of religious affiliation on participant responsiveness to the Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP) lifestyle intervention. J Relig Health. 2016;55(5):1561–73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26472654/

2731

Fraser GE. Diet as primordial prevention in Seventh-Day Adventists. Prev Med. 1999;29(6):S18–23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10641813/

2732

Orlich MJ, Chiu THT, Dhillon PK, et al. Vegetarian epidemiology: review and discussion of findings from geographically diverse cohorts. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(Suppl_4):S284–95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31728496/

2733

Sloan RP, Bagiella E, Powell T. Religion, spirituality, and medicine. Lancet. 1999;353(9153):664–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10030348/

2734

Chida Y, Steptoe A, Powell LH. Religiosity/spirituality and mortality: a systematic quantitative review. Psychother Psychosom. 2009;78(2):81–90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19142047/

2735

Sullivan AR. Mortality differentials and religion in the United States: religious affiliation and attendance. J Sci Study Relig. 2010;49(4):740–53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21318110/

2736

Schnall E, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Swencionis C, et al. The relationship between religion and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Psychol Health. 2010;25(2):249–63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20391218/

2737

Hill TD, Ellison CG, Burdette AM, Taylor J, Friedman KL. Dimensions of religious involvement and leukocyte telomere length. Soc Sci Med. 2016;163:168–75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27174242/

2738

Koenig HG, Nelson B, Shaw SF, Saxena S, Cohen HJ. Religious involvement and telomere length in women family caregivers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204(1):36–42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26669979/

2739

Schnall E, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Swencionis C, et al. The relationship between religion and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Psychol Health. 2010;25(2):249–63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20391218/

2740

Sloan RP, Bagiella E, Powell T. Religion, spirituality, and medicine. Lancet. 1999;353(9153):664–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10030348/

2741

Morton D, Rankin P, Kent L, Dysinger W. The Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP): history, evaluation, and outcomes. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;10(1):64–73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6124862/

2742

Kent LM, Morton DP, Ward EJ, et al. The influence of religious affiliation on participant responsiveness to the Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP) lifestyle intervention. J Relig Health. 2016;55(5):1561–73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26472654/

2743

World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 5th ed. WHO Press; 2010. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44261

2744

Orzylowska EM, Jacobson JD, Bareh GM, Ko EY, Corselli JU, Chan PJ. Food intake diet and sperm characteristics in a blue zone: a Loma Linda Study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;203:112–5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27280539/

2745

Messina M, Watanabe S, Setchell KDR. Report on the 8th international symposium on the role of soy in health promotion and chronic disease prevention and treatment. J Nutr. 2009;139(4):796S-802S. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19225130/

2746

Zhang Y, Hood WR. Current versus future reproduction and longevity: a re-evaluation of predictions and mechanisms. J Exp Biol. 2016;219(Pt 20):3177–89. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27802148/

2747

Mukhopadhyay A, Tissenbaum HA. Reproduction and longevity: secrets revealed by C. elegans. Trends Cell Biol. 2007;17(2):65–71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17187981/

2748

Hsin H, Kenyon C. Signals from the reproductive system regulate the lifespan of C. elegans. Nature. 1999;399(6734):362–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10360574/

2749

Flatt T, Min KJ, D’Alterio C, et al. Drosophila germ-line modulation of insulin signaling and lifespan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(17):6368–73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18434551/

2750

American Veterinary Medical Association. Banfield: spaying, neutering correlate with longer lives. JAVMA News. https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2013–07–01/banfield-spaying-neutering-correlate-longer-lives. Published June 19, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2022.; https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2013-07-01/banfield-spaying-neutering-correlate-longer-lives

2751

Banfield Pet Hospital. State of Pet Health 2013 Report. Banfield.com. https://www.banfield.com/-/media/Project/Banfield/Main/en/general/SOPH-Infographic/PDFs/Banfield-State-of-Pet-Health-Report_2013.pdf?rev=a8612f3fa39141e3bf2876a5ed6760de&hash=D79B771D2C3539DF737353E65D310504. Accessed February 21, 2022.; https://www.banfield.com/en/pet-health/State-of-pet-health

2752

Min KJ, Lee CK, Park HN. The lifespan of Korean eunuchs. Curr Biol. 2012;22(18):R792–3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23017989/

2753

Reilly PR. Involuntary sterilization in the United States: a surgical solution. Q Rev Biol. 1987;62(2):153–70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3299450/

2754

Buck v. Bell, 274 US 200 (1927).; https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/200/

2755

Hamilton JB, Mestler GE. Mortality and survival: comparison of eunuchs with intact men and women in a mentally retarded population. J Gerontol. 1969;24(4):395–411. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5362349/

2756

Hsu CH, Posegga O, Fischbach K, Engelhardt H. Examining the trade-offs between human fertility and longevity over three centuries using crowdsourced genealogy data. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255528. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34351988/

2757

Tabatabaie V, Atzmon G, Rajpathak SN, Freeman R, Barzilai N, Crandall J. Exceptional longevity is associated with decreased reproduction. Aging (Albany NY). 2011;3(12):1202–5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22199025/

2758

Zwaan B, Bijlsma R, Hoekstra RF. Direct selection on life span in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution. 1995;49(4):649–59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28565142/

2759

Mukhopadhyay