of coffee drinking with physical performance in the oldest-old community-dwelling men The Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS). Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(5):1371–5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638343/

5781

Iwasaka C, Yamada Y, Nishida Y, et al. Association between habitual coffee consumption and skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged and older Japanese people. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2021;21(10):950–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34405954/

5782

Wang T, Wu Y, Wang W, Zhang D. Association between coffee consumption and functional disability in older US adults. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(6):695–702. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32778181/

5783

Chung H, Moon JH, Kim JI, Kong MH, Huh JS, Kim HJ. Association of coffee consumption with sarcopenia in Korean elderly men: analysis using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2011. Korean J Fam Med. 2017;38(3):141–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28572890/

5784

Wang T, Wu Y, Wang W, Zhang D. Association between coffee consumption and functional disability in older US adults. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(6):695–702. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32778181/

5785

Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance – an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(11):681–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30926628/

5786

Rivers WHR, Webber HN. The action of caffeine on the capacity for muscular work. J Physiol. 1907;36(1):33–47. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16992882/

5787

Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance – an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(11):681–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30926628/

5788

Duncan MJ, Clarke ND, Tallis J, Guimarães-Ferreira L, Leddington-Wright S. The effect of caffeine ingestion on functional performance in older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(10):883–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25470803/

5789

Norager CB, Jensen MB, Madsen MR, Laurberg S. Caffeine improves endurance in 75-yr-old citizens: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;99(6):2302–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081625/

5790

Bakuradze T, Parra GAM, Riedel A, et al. Four-week coffee consumption affects energy intake, satiety regulation, body fat, and protects DNA integrity. Food Res Int. 2014;63:420–7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0963996914003378

5791

Jang YJ, Son HJ, Kim JS, et al. Coffee consumption promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and myoblast differentiation. Food Funct. 2018;9(2):1102–11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29359224/

5792

McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Domanchuk K, et al. Cocoa to improve walking performance in older people with peripheral artery disease: the COCOA-PAD pilot randomized clinical trial. Circ Res. 2020;126(5):589–99. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32078436/

5793

Munguia L, Rubio-Gayosso I, Ramirez-Sanchez I, et al. High flavonoid cocoa supplement ameliorates plasma oxidative stress and inflammation levels while improving mobility and quality of life in older subjects: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(10):1620–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31056655/

5794

Navrátil T, Kohlíková E, Petr M, Pelclová D, Heyrovský M, Pristoupilová K. Supplemented creatine induces changes in human metabolism of thiocompounds and one– and two-carbon units. Physiol Res. 2010;59(3):431–42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19249916/

5795

Sumien N, Shetty RA, Gonzales EB. Creatine, creatine kinase, and aging. In: Harris JR, Korolchuk VI, eds. Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part I Biomedical Science. Vol 90. Springer; 2018:145–68. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30779009/

5796

Balestrino M, Adriano E. Beyond sports: efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in pathological or paraphysiological conditions of brain and muscle. Med Res Rev. 2019;39(6):2427–59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31012130/

5797

Kraemer WJ, Beeler MK, Post EM, et al. Physiological basis for creatine supplementation in skeletal muscle and the central nervous system. In: Sen CK, Nair S, Bagchi D, eds. Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance: Muscle Building, Endurance, and Strength. 2nd ed. Academic Press; 2019:581–94. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128139226000497?via%3Dihub

5798

Blancquaert L, Baguet A, Bex T, et al. Changing to a vegetarian diet reduces the body creatine pool in omnivorous women, but appears not to affect carnitine and carnosine homeostasis: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr. 2018;119(7):759–70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29569535/

5799

Solis MY, Painelli V de S, Artioli GG, Roschel H, Otaduy MC, Gualano B. Brain creatine depletion in vegetarians? A cross-sectional ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) study. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(7):1272–4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24290771/

5800

Blancquaert L, Baguet A, Bex T, et al. Changing to a vegetarian diet reduces the body creatine pool in omnivorous women, but appears not to affect carnitine and carnosine homeostasis: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr. 2018;119(7):759–70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29569535/

5801

Shomrat A, Weinstein Y, Katz A. Effect of creatine feeding on maximal exercise performance in vegetarians. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;82(4):321–5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10958375/

5802

Steenge GR, Verhoef P, Greenhaff PL. The effect of creatine and resistance training on plasma homocysteine concentration in healthy volunteers. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(11):1455–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11386896/

5803

Chilibeck PD, Kaviani M, Candow DG, Zello GA. Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med. 2017;8:213–26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29138605/

5804

Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007;4:6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17908288/

5805

Riesberg LA, Weed SA, McDonald TL, Eckerson JM, Drescher KM. Beyond muscles: the untapped potential of creatine. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;37:31–42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26778152/

5806

Antonio J, Candow DG, Forbes SC, et al. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557850/

5807

Dolan E, Artioli GG, Pereira RMR, Gualano B. Muscular atrophy and sarcopenia in the elderly: is