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517
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519
Paulina Jaramillo, “Landfill-Gas-to-Energy Projects? Analysis of Net Private and Social Benefits,” Environmental Science and Technology 39, no. 19 (2005): 7365–7373, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050633j.
520
Anil Markandya and Paul Wilkinson, “Electricity Generation and Health,” The Lancet 370, no. 9501 (September 15, 2007): 979–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61253-7.
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Bridget R. Scanlon, Robert C. Reedy, Ian Duncan et al., “Controls on Water Use for Thermoelectric Generation: Case Study Texas, US,” Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 19 (2013): 11326–34, https://doi.org/10.1021/es4029183.
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523
Sophie Dejonckheere, Mari Aftret Mørtvedt, and Eilif Ursin Reed, “Methane: A Climate Blind Spot?” Center for International Climate Research, March 25, 2019, https://www.cicero.oslo.no/en/posts/klima/methane-a-climate-blind-spot. Zeke Hausfather, “Bounding the Climate Viability of Natural Gas as a Bridge Fuel to Displace Coal,” Energy Policy 86 (November 2015): 286–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.07.012. Adam Voiland, “Methane Matters,” National Air and Space Association, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/MethaneMatter. Gunnar Mhyre and Drew Shindell, “Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing,” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, 659–740, http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf. Most of the methane molecules that leak into the atmosphere today won’t be there in ten years. By contrast, most carbon dioxide will remain in the atmosphere for centuries. As a result, even if methane were leaking at a higher rate than the U.S. EPA estimates, as some claim it is, its impact on global warming would still be relatively small compared to the benefits of reduced carbon emissions compared to coal.
524
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529
On average oil power densities are far less. Iraq’s oil fields have a power density of only 5,000 W/m2. But that is still twice as high as Australia’s coal mines. As always there is a large range, with some petroleum fields producing as little as 100 W/m2. A typical natural gas well in Alberta, Canada, has a power density of 2,300 W/m2 while the Netherlands’ gas fields have a power density of 16,000 W/m2. A Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) terminal has a power density of 4,600 W/m2 while a regasification terminal has a power density of an astonishing 60,000 W/m2. Smil, Power Density, 197.
530
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542
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