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415
Michael Lind, Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States (New York: Harper, 2012).
416
Margaret McMillan, Dani Rodrik, and Claudia Sepulveda, “Structural Change, Fundamentals, and Growth: A Framework and Case Studies,” NBER Working Paper 23378, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2017, https://www.nber.org/papers/w23378.pdf, 10.
417
Dani Rodrik, “New Technologies, Global Value Chains, and the Developing Economies,” Pathways for Prosperity Commission Background Paper 1, September 2018, https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/new_technologies_global_value_chains_developing_economies.pdf, 7.
418
Robert Gellatelly and Ben Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 290–91.
419
“Corruption Perceptions Index 2019,” Transparency International, https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019.
420
“GDP per Capita (Current US$) – Indonesia,” World Bank Group, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ID.
421
Art Kleiner, “The Man Who Saw the Future,” Strategy + Business, February 12, 2003, https://www.strategy-business.com.
422
Michael Shellenberger, “Leapfrog or Backfire?” interview with Arthur van Benthem, The Breakthrough Institute, November 18, 2014, https://thebreakthrough.org.
423
Michael Shellenberger, “Leapfrog or Backfire?” interview with Arthur van Benthem, The Breakthrough Institute, November 18, 2014, https://thebreakthrough.org.
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Michael Shellenberger, “Leapfrog or Backfire?” interview with Arthur van Benthem, The Breakthrough Institute, November 18, 2014, https://thebreakthrough.org.
425
Michael Shellenberger, “Leapfrog or Backfire?” interview with Arthur van Benthem, The Breakthrough Institute, November 18, 2014, https://thebreakthrough.org.
426
Roger Fouquet and Peter Pearson, “The Long Run Demand for Lighting: Elasticities and Rebound Effects in Different Phases of Economic Development,” Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy 1, no. 1 (2012): 83–100, https://doi.org/10.5547/2160–5890.1.1.8.
427
Shellenberger, “Leapfrog or Backfire?”
428
William D. Nordhaus, “Do Real-Output and Real-Wage Measures Capture Reality? The History of Lighting Suggests Not,” in The Economics of New Goods, edited by Timothy F. Bresnahan and Robert J. Gordon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 27–70, https://www.nber.org/chapters/c6064.pdf. Roger Fouquet and Peter J. G. Pearson, “Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300–2000),” The Energy Journal 27, no. 1 (January 2006): 139–77, https://doi.org/10.2307/23296980.
429
Per capita energy data are from the International Energy Agency. Total primary energy supply (TPES) per capita of DRC and Indonesia refer to IEA data from 2017, while US data are for 2018.
430
“Household Air Pollution and Health,” World Health Organization, May 8, 2018, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health.
431
Eric Johnson, “Charcoal versus LPG grilling: A Carbon-Footprint Comparison,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 29 (November 2009): 370–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.02.004.
432
The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion, Air Quality Expert Group, 2017, https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat11/1708081027_170807_AQEG_Biomass_report.pdf, 37, 38.
433
Vaclav Smil, Power Density: A Key to Understanding Energy Sources and Uses (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015), 403.
434
“Energy Sources Have Changed Throughout the History of the United States,” Today in Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration, July 3, 2013, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=11951.
435
Vaclav Smil, Power Density.
436
FAO, “Data,” FAOSTAT, accessed January 27, 2020, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. For hydro, fossil, and nuclear plant area, see Vaclav Smil, Power Density, 210. For land used for agriculture, FAOSTAT reports that 37 percent of the Earth’s landmass, or 41 percent of ice-free landmass, is used for agriculture.
437
Wyoming and Australia produce 15,000 watts of power per square meter compared to just 0.6 watts per square meter for wood fuel from temperate forests. Vaclav Smil, Power Density.
438
The power density of English forests was 0.2 W/m2, of crop residues is 0.05 W/m2, and of Wyoming coal mines is 11,000 W/m2. Vaclav Smil, Power Density.
439
Vaclav Smil, Power Density.
440
Vaclav Smil, Power Density.
441
Jennifer Lee, “When Horses Posed a Public Health Hazard,” City Room (blog), New York Times, June 9, 2008, https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/09/when-horses-posed-a-public-health-hazard.
442
Vaclav Smil, Power Density.
443
Xiliang Hong et al., “Exergoenvironmental Evaluation for a Coal-Fired Power Plant of Near-Zero Air Pollutant Emission,” Applied Thermal Engineering 128 (January 5, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.08.068. Danilo H. D. Rocha et al., “Exergoenvironmental analysis of a ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant,” Journal of Cleaner Production 231 (September 10, 2019): 671–682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.214. Jingwei Chen et al. “Thermodynamic and environmental analysis of integrated supercritical water gasification of coal for power and hydrogen production,” Energy Conversion and Management 198 (October 15, 2019): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111927.
444
David Hosanky, s.v. “Flue gas treatment,” Encyclopedia Britannica, June 27, 2014, accessed January 16, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/technology/flue-gas-treatment.
445
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Air Quality – National Summary,” July 8, 2019, accessed March 25, 2020, www.epa.gov.
446
Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Energy,” Our World in Data, July 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/energy.
447
Dani Rodrik, “An African Growth Miracle?” Journal of African Economies 27, no. 1 (December 9, 2016), 10–27, https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejw027.
448
Aisha Salaudeen, “Ethiopia’s Garment Workers Make Clothes for Some of the World’s Largest Clothing Brands but Get Paid the Lowest,” CNN, May 13, 2019, https://www.cnn.com.
449
Rodrik, “An African Growth Miracle?”
450
Rodrik, “An African Growth Miracle?”
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Rodrik, “An African Growth Miracle?”