et al. Rapamycin rejuvenates oral health in aging mice. Elife. 2020;9:e54318. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342860/

1380

Altschuler RA, Kanicki A, Martin C, Kohrman DC, Miller RA. Rapamycin but not acarbose decreases age-related loss of outer hair cells in the mouse cochlea. Hear Res. 2018;370:11–5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30245283/

1381

Lesniewski LA, Seals DR, Walker AE, et al. Dietary rapamycin supplementation reverses age-related vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress, while modulating nutrient-sensing, cell cycle, and senescence pathways. Aging Cell. 2017;16(1):17–26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27660040/

1382

Zaseck LW, Miller RA, Brooks SV. Rapamycin attenuates age-associated changes in tibialis anterior tendon viscoelastic properties. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(7):858–65. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26809496/

1383

Dai DF, Karunadharma PP, Chiao YA, et al. Altered proteome turnover and remodeling by short-term caloric restriction or rapamycin rejuvenate the aging heart. Aging Cell. 2014;13(3):529–39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24612461/

1384

Arriola Apelo SI, Pumper CP, Baar EL, Cummings NE, Lamming DW. Intermittent administration of rapamycin extends the life span of female C57BL/6J mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(7):876–81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27091134/

1385

Bitto A, Ito TK, Pineda VV, et al. Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice. Elife. 2016;5:e16351. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/

1386

Urfer SR, Kaeberlein TL, Mailheau S, et al. A randomized controlled trial to establish effects of short-term rapamycin treatment in 24 middle-aged companion dogs. Geroscience. 2017;39(2):117–27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28374166/

1387

González A, Hall MN, Lin SC, Hardie DG. AMPK and TOR: the Yin and Yang of cellular nutrient sensing and growth control. Cell Metab. 2020;31(3):472–92. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32130880/

1388

Liu GY, Sabatini DM. mTOR at the nexus of nutrition, growth, ageing and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(4):183–203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937935/

1389

Michels KB, Ekbom A. Caloric restriction and incidence of breast cancer. JAMA. 2004;291(10):1226–30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15010444/

1390

Wazir U, Newbold RF, Jiang WG, Sharma AK, Mokbel K. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of mTORC1 and Rictor expression in human breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2013;29(5):1969–74. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23503572/

1391

Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724–31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21727255/

1392

Dar BA, Dar MA, Bashir S. Calorie restriction the fountain of youth. Food Nutr Sci. 2012;3(11):1522–6. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=24485

1393

Dirks AJ, Leeuwenburgh C. Caloric restriction in humans: potential pitfalls and health concerns. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006;127(1):1–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16226298/

1394

Bourzac K. Interventions: live long and prosper. Nature. 2012;492(7427):S18–20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23222670/

1395

Nakagawa S, Lagisz M, Hector KL, Spencer HG. Comparative and meta-analytic insights into life extension via dietary restriction. Aging Cell. 2012;11(3):401–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22268691/

1396

Solon-Biet SM, McMahon AC, Ballard JWO, et al. The ratio of macronutrients, not caloric intake, dictates cardiometabolic health, aging, and longevity in ad libitum-fed mice. Cell Metab. 2014;19(3):418–30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24606899/

1397

Ross MH. Length of life and nutrition in the rat. J Nutr. 1961;75:197–210. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14494200/

1398

Liu GY, Sabatini DM. mTOR at the nexus of nutrition, growth, ageing and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(4):183–203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937935/

1399

Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD. Extending healthy life span – from yeast to humans. Science. 2010;328(5976):321–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20395504/

1400

Kitada M, Xu J, Ogura Y, Monno I, Koya D. Mechanism of activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 by methionine. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:715. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32850834/

1401

Dumas SN, Lamming DW. Next generation strategies for geroprotection via mTORC1 inhibition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75(1):14–23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30794726/

1402

Norton LE, Layman DK, Bunpo P, Anthony TG, Brana DV, Garlick PJ. The leucine content of a complete meal directs peak activation but not duration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in rats. J Nutr. 2009;139(6):1103–9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19403715/

1403

Schmidt JA, Rinaldi S, Scalbert A, et al. Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(3):306–12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26395436/

1404

Jafari S, Hezaveh E, Jalilpiran Y, et al. Plant-based diets and risk of disease mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Published online May 6, 2021:1–13. Accessed June 23, 2021.; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33951994/

1405

Tantamango-Bartley Y, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fan J, Fraser G. Vegetarian diets and the incidence of cancer in a low-risk population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(2):286–94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23169929/

1406

Green CL, Lamming DW. Regulation of metabolic health by essential dietary amino acids. Mech Ageing Dev. 2019;177:186–200. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30044947/

1407

Schmidt JA, Rinaldi S, Scalbert A, et al. Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(3):306–12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26395436/

1408

Willcox BJ, Willcox DC, Todoriki H, et al. Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging: the diet of the world’s longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1114:434–55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17986602/

1409

Davinelli S, Willcox DC, Scapagnini G. Extending healthy ageing: nutrient sensitive pathway and centenarian population. Immun Ageing. 2012;9:9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22524452/

1410

Fraser GE, Shavlik DJ. Ten years of life: is it a matter of choice? Arch