4

скептически. Когда все эти статистические данные указывают в одном направлении, они заслуживают определенного внимания. Floud et al., 298-99; J. David Hacker, "Decennial Life Tables for the White Population of the United States, 1790-1900," Historical Methods 43, no. 2 (April 2010), 45-79; Barry Muchnick, "Publics of Nature: Сообщества экологической гражданственности в прогрессивную эпоху", доклад на конференции Американского общества экологической истории (Сиэтл, 2016).

5

Таблица 1, в Michael R. Haines, "Estimated Life Tables for the United States," Historical Methods 31, no. 4 (1998): 154-55; Floud et al., 321; Hacker, 52, 55-56, 65; Costa, 503.

6

Роберт Дж. Гордон, Взлет и падение американского роста: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), 207-13; Costa, 515-16; S. J. Kleinberg, The Shadow of the Mills: Working-Class Families in Pittsburgh, 1870-1907 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 106-8.

7

Шейла М. Ротман, Жизнь в тени смерти: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,

1995)> 13-18, 131.

8

Коста, 503, 548.

9

Angus Deaton, The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), 141-47, 156-58; Dora L. Costa and Richard Steckel, "Long-Term Trends in Health, Welfare, and Economic Growth in the United States", in Health and Welfare During Industrialization, ed. Richard Steckel and Roderick Floud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 50; Costa, 545; Hacker, 52-53, 56; Gordon, 83-84.

10

Марко Сандер, "Разрыв в росте в Америке XIX века: Net-Nutritional Advantage of the Elite Increased at the Onset of Modern Economic Growth," Economics & Human Biology 11, no. 3 (2013): 245-58.

11

Gordon, 209; Katherine G. Morrissey, Mental Territories: Mapping the Inland Empire (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 32; Edward T. O'Donnell, Henry George and the Crisis of Inequality: Progress and Poverty in the Gilded Age (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015), 76-80.

12

Лучшая биография Сноу и подробный рассказ о холере - Peter Vinten-Johansen, Howard Brody, Nigel Paneth, Stephen Rachman, and Michael Rip, Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Harold L. Platt, Shock Cities: The Environmental Transformation and Reform of Manchester and Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 188-89.

13

Платт, 381.

14

Мартин В. Мелоси, Санитарный город: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 44-67.

15

Тед Стейнберг, Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York (New York: Simon & Schuster 2014), 117; Melosi, 48.

16

Melosi, 69-71; Edwin T. Layton, The Revolt of the Engineers Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 3, 5-9.

17

Мелоси, 73-75; Лейтон, 56-58.

18

Карл С. Смит, Городская вода, городская жизнь: Water and the Infrastructure of Ideas in Urbanizing Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 42-50, 136.

19

Platt, 188-89; C. S. Smith, 136.

20

Ричард Уайт, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: Norton, 2011), 88.

21

Чарльз Э. Розенберг, "Годы холеры: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 189-94, 199-205, 210-11; "New York and the Cholera," The Nation 2, № 28 (1866): 40-41.

22

Терренс Дж. Макдональд, Параметры городской фискальной политики: Социально-экономические изменения и политическая культура в Сан-Франциско, 1860-1906 (Беркли: Издательство Калифорнийского университета, 1986), 40; Robin L. Einhorn, Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833-1872 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 76-78, 91, 99-103.

23

Einhorn, 134-43, 206-16.

24

Einhorn, 205-9.

25

Там же, 210-14.

26

Там же, 210-15.

27

Уильям Кронон, Метрополис природы: Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991)> 233-35> 249-57.

28

Луиза Кэрролл Уэйд, Гордость Чикаго: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 47-57, 68-69, 98-99, 177; Cronon, 282-84; Stephanie W. Greenberg, "Industrial Location and Ethnic Residential Patterns in an Industrializing City: Philadelphia, 1880", в книге Theodore Hershberg, ed., Philadelphia: Work, Space, Family, and Group Experience in the Nineteenth Century: Essays towards an Interdisciplinary History of the City. Philadelphia Social History Project (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 204-29.

29

Einhorn, 206-16, C. S. Smith, 236; Cronon, 249-50.

30

Классическое описание связи между сельским и городским развитием - Cronon, for Peshtigo, 202; Vernon R. Carstensen, Farms or Forests: Эволюция земельной политики штата Северный Висконсин (Мэдисон: Университет Висконсина, факультет сельскохозяйственной журналистики, 1958).

31

Кронон, 202.

32

О корове и других историях, актуальных в то время, можно прочитать в Elaine Lewinnek, The Working Man's Reward: Chicago's Early Suburbs and the Roots of American Sprawl (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 34-35; Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), 457.

33

Рассказ о пожаре взят из книги Карен Савислак "Тлеющий город: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871-1874 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).

34

Lewinnek, 61; Christine Meisner Rosen, The Limits of Power: Great Fires and the Process of City Growth in America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 11.

35

Lewinnek, 40; Rosen, 177-248; Sawislak, 78-93; Einhorn, 231-35.

36

Дэвид Монтгомери, Гражданин Рабочий: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market During the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 78; Sawislak, 49-63, 88-106; Einhorn, 234-36.

37

Lewinnek, 40-53; Sawislak, 121-29, 136-48; John B. Jentz, Chicago in the Age of

Капитал: Класс, политика и демократия во время гражданской войны и реконструкции, ред.

Richard Schneirov (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012), 137-54, 179-80; Einhorn,

235 -37.

38

Джентц, 135-36; 148-54; Эйнхорн, 236-39; Левиннек, 22-23, 53-56; Монтгомери, 78;

Sawislak, 43-46, 140-59.

39

Jentz, 141-42, 145, 147; Sawislak, 218-49.

40

Lewinnek, 53-58; Jentz, 150-53.

41

Левиннек, 57-59, 62; Джентц, 117, 132, 138.

42

Jentz, 186-90, 237; C. S. Smith, 100; Dominic A. Pacyga, Chicago: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 85-86.

43

Платт, 161-62, 171-72, 178-89, 379-81; Розен, 125, 170-74.

44

Melosi, 119-23; Rosen, 48-49; Steven P. Erie, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 29, 45-47, 54-56; Platt, 174-75; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1027-28; Kleinberg, 85-87; Jentz, 236-37.

45

Джеймс Партон, "Питтсбург [sic]", Atlantic Monthly (январь 1868): 17-36.

46

Партон, 22; Де Токвиль, цитата в Platt, 7; Клейнберг, 3.

47

Партон, 17-22.

48

Там же, 17.

49

Там же, 18-22; Kleinberg, 72; Frank Uekoetter, The Age of Smoke: Environmental Policy in Germany and the United States, 1880-1970 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009), 27-28.

50

Cronon,