Шрифт:
Закладка:
113
Anne Trafton, «Artificial intelligence yields new antibiotic,» MIT News, February 20, 2020, news.mit.edu/2020/artificial-intelligence-identifies-new-antibiotic-0220.
114
Richard Staines, «Exscientia claims world first as AI-created drug enters clinic,» Pharmaphorum, January 30, 2020, pharmaphorum.com/news/exscientia-claims-world-first-as-ai-created-drug-enters-clinic/.
115
Matt Reynolds, «DeepMind’s AI is getting closer to its first big realworld application,» Wired, January 15, 2020, www.wired.co.uk/article/deepmind-protein-folding-alphafold.
116
Semantic Scholar website, accessed May 25, 2020, pages.semanticscholar.org/about-us.
117
Там же.
118
Khari Johnson, «Microsoft, White House, and Allen Institute release coronavirus data set for medical and NLP researchers,» VentureBeat, March 16, 2020, venturebeat.com/2020/03/16/microsoft-white-house-and-allen-institute-release-coronavirus-data-set-for-medical-and-nlp-researchers/.
119
«CORD-19: COVID-19 Open Research Dataset,» Semantic Scholar, accessed May 6, 2020, www.semanticscholar.org/cord19.
120
Samuel Butler, «Darwin among the machines, a letter to the editors,» The Press, Christchurch, New Zealand, June 13, 1863.
121
Alan Turing, «Computing machinery and intelligence,» Mind, volume LIX, issue 236, pp. 433–460 (October 1950).
122
J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester and C. E. Shannon, «A proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence,» August 31, 1955, raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart564props.pdf.
123
Brad Darrach, «Meet Shaky, the first electronic person: The fascinating and fearsome reality of a machine with a mind of its own,» LIFE, November 20, 1970, p. 58D.
124
Там же.
125
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, «A logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity,» Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, volume 5, issue 4, pp. 115–133 (December 1943).
126
Martin Ford, Interview with Ray Kurzweil, in Architects of Intelligence: The Truth about AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing, 2018, p. 228.
127
Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry, MIT Press, 1969.
128
Ford, Interview with Yann LeCun, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 122.
129
David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton and Ronald J. Williams, «Learning representations by back-propagating errors,» Nature, volume 323, issue 6088, pp. 533–536 (1986), October 9, 1986, www.nature.com/articles/323533a0.
130
Ford, Interview with Geoffrey Hinton, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 73.
131
Dave Gershgorn, «The data that transformed AI research — and possibly the world,» Quartz, July 26, 2017, qz.com/1034972/the-data-that-changed-the-direction-of-ai-research-and-possibly-the-world/.
132
Ford, Interview with Geoffrey Hinton, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 77.
133
Электронное письмо Юргена Шмидхубера Мартину Форду, 28 января 2019 года.
134
А. Г. Ивахненко (1913–2007) — советский ученый в области систем управления, заслуженный деятель науки УССР. — Прим. пер.
135
Jürgen Schmidhuber, «Critique of paper by ‘Deep Learning Conspiracy’ (Nature 521 p 436),» June 2015, people.idsia.ch/~juergen/deep-learning-conspiracy.html.
136
John Markoff, «When A. I. matures, it may call Jürgen Schmidhuber ‘Dad,’» New York Times, November 27, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/technology/artificial-intelligence-pioneer-jurgen-schmidhuber-overlooked.html.
137
Robert Triggs, «What being an ‘AI first’ company means for Google,» Android Authority, November 8, 2017, www.androidauthority.com/google-ai-first-812335/.
138
Cade Metz, «Why A. I. researchers at Google got desks next to the boss,» New York Times, February 19, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/19/technology/ai-researchers-desks-boss.html.
139
Ежедневный американский комикс-долгожитель (выходил с 1950 по 2000 год) и одноименный мультсериал (с 1965 года), где персонажи прорисовывались очень примитивно. — Прим. пер.
140
Martin Ford, Interview with Geoffrey Hinton, in Architects of Intelligence: The Truth about AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing, 2018, pp. 72–73.
141
Matt Reynolds, «New computer vision challenge wants to teach robots to see in 3D,» New Scientist, April 7, 2017, www.newscientist.com/article/2127131-new-computer-vision-challenge-wants-to-teach-robots-to-see-in-3d/.
142
Ashlee Vance, «Silicon Valley’s latest unicorn is run by a 22-year-old,» Bloomberg Businessweek, August 5, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-05/scale-ai-is-silicon-valley-s-latest-unicorn.
143
Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver et al. «Playing Atari with deep reinforcement learning,» DeepMind Research, January 1, 2013, deepmind.com/research/publications/playing-atari-deep-reinforcement-learning.
144
Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver et al., «Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning,» Nature, volume 518, pp. 529–533 (2015), February 25, 2015, www.nature.com/articles/nature14236.
145
Tu Yuanyuan, «The game of Go: Ancient wisdom,» Confucius Institute Magazine, volume 17, pp. 46–51 (November 2011), confuciusmag.com/go-game.
146
David Silver and Demis Hassabis, «AlphaGo: Mastering the ancient game of Go with machine learning,» Google AI Blog, January 27, 2016, ai.googleblog.com/2016/01/alphago-mastering-ancient-game-of-go.html.
147
Matt Schiavenza, «China’s ‘Sputnik Moment’ and the Sino-American battle for AI supremacy,» Asia Society Blog, September 25, 2018, asiasociety.org/blog/asia/chinas-sputnik-moment-and-sino-american-battle-ai-supremacy.
148
John Markoff, «Scientists see promise in deep-learning programs,» New York Times, November 23, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists-see-advances-in-deep-learning-a-part-of-artificial-intelligence.html.
149
Dario Amodei and Danny Hernandez, «AI and Compute,» OpenAI Blog, May 16, 2018, openai.com/blog/ai-and-compute/.
150
Will Knight, «Facebook’s head of AI says the field will soon ‘hit the wall,’» Wired, December 4, 2019, www.wired.com/story/facebooks-ai-says-field-hit-wall/.
151
Kim Martineau, «Shrinking deep learning’s carbon footprint,» MIT News, August 7, 2020, ews.mit.edu/2020/shrinking-deep-learning-carbon-footprint-0807.
152
«General game playing with schema networks,» Vicarious Research, August 7, 2017, www.vicarious.com/2017/08/07/general-game-playing-with-schema-networks/.
153
Sam Shead, «Researchers: Are we on the cusp of an ‘AI winter’?» BBC News, January 12, 2020, www.bbc.com/news/technology-51064369.
