dispute between Bernoulli and d’Alembert and the calculus of probabilities’, Lettera Matematica International, 2015.

362

О безопасности MMR и вакцины против кори существует обширная литература, например: Smeeth L. et al., ‘MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study’, The Lancet, 2004; A. Hviid, J.V. Hansen, M. Frisch, et al., ‘Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study’, Annals of Internal Medicine, 2019; LeBaron C.W. et al., ‘Persistence of Measles Antibodies After 2 Doses of Measles Vaccine in a Postelimination Environment’, JAMA Pediatrics, 2007.

363

Wellcome Global Monitor 2018, 19 June 2019.

364

Finnegan G., ‘Rise in vaccine hesitancy related to pursuit of purity’, Horizon Magazine, 26 April 2018.

365

Funk S. et al., ‘Combining serological and contact data to derive target immunity levels for achieving and maintaining measles elimination’, BioRxiv, 2019.

366

Measles: Europe sees record number of cases and 37 deaths so far this year’, British Medical Journal, 2018.

367

Bakshy E. et al., ‘Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook’, Science, 2015; Tufekci Z., ‘How Facebook’s Algorithm Suppresses Content Diversity (Modestly) and How the Newsfeed Rules Your Clicks’, Medium, 7 May 2015.

368

Flaxman S. et al., ‘Filter bubbles, echo chambers and online news consumption’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 2016.

369

Bail C.A. et al., ‘Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization’, PNAS, 2018.

370

Duggan M. and Smith A., ‘The Political Environment on Social Media’, Pew Research Center, 2016.

371

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372

Один из первых примеров: ‘Dead pet UL?’ Опубликовано на alt.folklore.urban, 10 июля 1992 года.

373

Письмо к Этьену Ноэлю Дамилавилю, 16 мая 1767 года.

374

Suler J., ‘The Online Disinhibition Effect’, Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 2004.

375

Cheng J. et al., ‘Antisocial Behavior in Online Discussion Communities’, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2015; Cheng J. et al., ‘Anyone Can Become a Troll: Causes of Trolling Behavior in Online Discussions’, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 2017.

376

Исследование Facebook: Kramer A.D.I. et al., ‘Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks’, PNAS, 2014; D’Onfro J., ‘Facebook Researcher Responds To Backlash Against “Creepy” Mood Manipulation Study’, Insider, 29 June 2014.

377

Griffin A., ‘Facebook manipulated users’ moods in secret experiment’, The Independent, 29 June 2014; Arthur C., ‘Facebook emotion study breached ethical guidelines, researchers say’, The Guardian, 30 June 2014.

378

Примеры: Raine R. et al., ‘A national cluster-randomised controlled trial to examine the effect of enhanced reminders on the socioeconomic gradient in uptake in bowel cancer screening’, British Journal of Cancer, 2016; Kitchener H.C. et al., ‘A cluster randomised trial of strategies to increase cervical screening uptake at first invitation (STRATEGIC)’, Health Technology Assessment, 2016. Необходимо отметить, что, несмотря на широкое применение, рандомизированные эксперименты (их еще называют A/B-тестами) у многих людей вызывают дискомфорт – даже если все опции безопасны, а исследование не нарушает этических норм. Проведенное в 2019 году исследование показало, что «люди часто считают A/B-тесты, нацеленные на сравнение эффективности двух методик или лекарств, неприемлемыми, даже когда они одобряют повсеместное применение А или В без тестирования». Источник: Source: Meyer M.N. et al., ‘Objecting to experiments that compare two unobjectionable policies or treatments’, PNAS, 2019.

379

Berger J. and Milkman K.L., ‘What Makes online Content Viral?’, Journal of Marketing Research, 2011.

380

Heath C. et al., ‘Emotional selection in memes: the case of urban legends’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001.

381

Tufekci Z., ‘YouTube, the Great Radicalizer’, New York Times, 10 March 2018.

382

Baquero F. et al., ‘Ecology and evolution of antibiotic resistance’, Environmental Microbiology Reports, 2009.

383

De Domenico M. et al., ‘The Anatomy of a Scientific Rumor’, Scientific Reports, 2013.

384

Goel S. et al., ‘The Structural Virality of Online Diffusion’, Management Science, 2016.

385

Goel S. et al., ‘The Structure of Online Diffusion Networks’, EC’12 Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, 2012; Tatar A. et al., ‘A survey on predicting the popularity of web content’, Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 2014.

386

Watts D.J. et al., ‘Viral Marketing for the Real World’, Harvard Business Review, 2007.

387

Метод: Blumberg S. and Lloyd-Smith J.O., PLOS Computational Biology, 2013. Формула справедлива даже при возможности событий супрерраспространения.

388

Chowell G. et al., ‘Transmission potential of influenza A/H7N9, February to May 2013, China’, BMC Medicine, 2013.

389

Watts D.J. et al., ‘Viral Marketing for the Real World’, Harvard Business Review, 2007. Следует отметить, что технические проблемы с кампанией по электронной почте могли в некоторой степени искусственно уменьшить репродуктивное число для Tide.

390

Breban R. et al., ‘Interhuman transmissibility of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: estimation of pandemic risk’, The Lancet, 2013.

391

Geoghegan J.L. et al., ‘Virological factors that increase the transmissibility of emerging human viruses’, PNAS, 2016.

392

García-Sastre A., ‘Influenza Virus Receptor Specificity’, American Journal of Pathology, 2010.

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Adamic L.A.