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461
Broniatowski D.A. et al., ‘Weaponized Health Communication: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate’, American Journal of Public Health, 2018; Wellcome Global Monitor 2018, 19 June 2019.
462
Google Ngram.
463
Takayasu M. et al., ‘Rumor Diffusion and Convergence during the 3.11 Earthquake: A Twitter Case Study’, PLOS ONE, 2015.
464
Friggeri A. et al., ‘Rumor Cascades’, AAAI Publications, 2014.
465
‘WhatsApp suggests a cure for virality’, The Economist, 26 July 2018.
466
McMillan R. and Hernandez D., ‘Pinterest Blocks Vaccination Searches in Move to Control the Conversation’, Wall Street Journal, 20 February 2019.
467
Цитаты из интервью автора с Уитни Филлипс, октябрь 2018 года.
468
Baumgartner J. et al., ‘What we learned from analyzing thousands of stories on the Christchurch shooting’, Columbia Journalism Review, 2019.
469
Цитаты из интервью автора с Бренданом Найхеном, ноябрь 2018 года.
470
Источник: Web of Science. Поисковый запрос: ( AND (contagio* OR diffus* OR transmi*). Не учитывались исследования, в которых платформа упоминалась для иллюстрации или сравнения или в которых изучалась популярность самой платформы, а не публикуемой информации. Всего в 2016–2018 годах было проведено 391 исследование твиттера и 85 исследований фейсбука. В твиттере 330 миллионов пользователей, в фейсбуке 2,4 миллиарда. Источник: https://www.statista.com.
471
Nelson A. et al., ‘The Social Science Research Council Announces the First Recipients of the Social Media and Democracy Research Grants’, Social Sciences Research Council Items, 29 April 2019; Alba D., ‘Ahead of 2020, Facebook Falls Short on Plan to Share Data on Disinformation’, New York Times, 29 September 2019.
472
«Почти вся цифровая коммуникация движения Vote Leave и анализ данных оставались невидимыми, даже если вы читали каждую заметку или колонку, выпущенную в рамках кампании, или все опубликованные книги». Цитата из Cummings D., ‘On the referendum #20’, Dominic Cummings’s Blog, 29 October 2016. В октябре 2018 года компания Facebook представила архив политической рекламы. Это важное событие, несмотря на то что речь идет лишь о первом шаге передачи информации. Источник: Cellan-Jones R., ‘Facebook tool makes UK political ads “transparent”’, BBC News Online, 16 October 2018.
473
Ginsberg D. and Burke M., ‘Hard Questions: Is Spending Time on Social Media Bad for Us?’ Facebook newsroom, 15 December 2017; Burke M. et al., ‘Social Network Activity and Social WellBeing’, Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2010; Burke M. and Kraut R.E., ‘The Relationship Between Facebook Use and Well-Being Depends on Communication Type and Tie Strength’, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 2016.
474
Routledge I. et al., ‘Estimating spatiotemporally varying malaria reproduction numbers in a near elimination setting’, Nature Communications, 2018.
475
Antonakakis M. et al., ‘Understanding the Mirai Botnet’, Proceedings of the 26th USENIX Security Symposium, 2017; Solomon B. and Fox-Brewster T., ‘Hacked Cameras Were Behind Friday’s Massive Web Outage’, Forbes, 21 October 2016; Bours B., ‘How a Dorm Room Minecraft Scam Brought Down the Internet’, Wired, 13 December 2017.
476
Цит. по Bours B., ‘How a Dorm Room Minecraft Scam Brought Down the Internet’, Wired, 13 December 2017.
477
‘What you need to know about the WannaCry Ransomware’, Symantec Blogs, 23 October 2017; Field M., ‘WannaCry cyber attack cost the NHS £92m as 19,000 appointments cancelled’, The Telegraph, 11 October 2018; Wiedeman R., ‘The British hacker Marcus Hutchins and the FBI’, The Times, 7 April 2018.
478
Moore D. et al., ‘The Spread of the Sapphire/Slammer Worm’, Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), 2003.
479
Leyden J., ‘The 30-year-old prank that became the first computer virus’, The Register, 14 December 2012.
480
Цитаты из интервью автора с Алессандро Веспиньяни, май 2018 года.
481
Cohen F., ‘Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments’, 1984.
482
Seltzer L., ‘The Morris Worm: Internet malware turns 25’, Zero Day, 2 November 2013; UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Robert Tappan MORRIS, Defendant-appellant. 928 F.2D 504, 1990.
483
Graham P., ‘The Submarine’, April 2005. http://www.paulgraham.com.
484
Moon M., ‘“Minecraft” success helps its creator buy a $70 million mansion’, Engadget, 18 December 2014.
485
О DDoS-атаках: ‘Who is Anna-Senpai, the Mirai Worm Author?’, Krebs on Security, 18 January 2017; ‘Spreading the DDoS Disease and Selling the Cure’, 19 October 2016.
486
‘Computer Hacker Who Launched Attacks On Rutgers University Ordered To Pay $8.6m’, U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of New Jersey, 26 October 2018.
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@MalwareTechBlog, 13 May 2017.
488
Staniford S. et al., ‘How to 0wn the Internet in Your Spare Time’, ICIR, 2002.
489
При R = 20 и времени заразности 8 дней получается 0,1 заражения в час.
490
Moore D. et al., ‘The Spread of the Sapphire/Slammer Worm’, Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), 2003.
491
‘Kaspersky Lab Research Reveals the Cost and Profitability of Arranging a
