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214
Это важно, поскольку, как утверждала юрист и философ Мирей Хильдебрандт, «агентность, управляемая данными», обычная для алгоритмических систем, строится на «информации и поведении, а не на смысле и действии». См.: Mireille Hildebrandt, “Law as Information in the Era of Data-Driven Agency,” Modern Law Review 7$ (2016): 1, 2.
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В главе 8 подробно обсуждается это различие.
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Darling, “Extending Legal Protection to Social Robots.”
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Benjamin Herold, “Pearson Tested ‘Social-Psychological’ Messages in Learning Software, with Mixed Results,” Education Week: Digital Education (blog), April 17, 2018, http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/Digi-talEducation/2018/o4/pearson_growth_mindset_software.html.
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См., например: James Grimmelmann, “The Law and Ethics of Experiments on Social Media Users,” Colorado Technology Law Journal 13 (2015): 219–227, где обсуждаются письма Гриммельмана и Лесли Мельтцер Генри об эмциональных экспериментах Facebook. См.: Chris Gilliard, “How Ed Tech Is Exploiting Students,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 8, 2018, https://www.chronicle.com/article/ How-Ed-Tech-Is-Exploiting/243020.
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Sarah Schwarz, “YouTube Accused of Targeting Children with Ads, Violating Federal Privacy Law,” Education Week: Digital Education (blog), April 13, 2018, http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/DigitalEduca-tion/2018/o4/youtube_targeted_ads_coppa_complaint.html; John Montgallo, “Android App Tracking Improperly Follows Children, Study,” QR Code Press, April 18, 2018, http://www.qrcodepress.com/ android-app-tracking-improperly-follows-children-study/8534453/.
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James Bridle, “Something Is Wrong on the Internet,” Medium, November 6, 2017, https://medium.com/(ajamesbridle/something-is-wrong-on-the-internet-c39C47i27id2.
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Nick Statt, “YouTube Will Reportedly Release a Kids’ App Curated by Humans,” Verge, April 6, 2018, https://www.theverge. com/2 018/4/6/172 0853 2/youtube-kids-non-algorithmic-version-whitelisted- conspiracy-theories.
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Natasha Singer, “How Companies Scour Our Digital Lives for Clues to Our Health,” New York Times, February 25, 2018, https://www.ny-times.com/2018/o2/25/technology/smartphones-mental-health. html.
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Sam Levin, “Facebook Told Advertisers It Can Identify Teens Feeling ‘Insecure’ and ‘Worthless,’ ” Guardian, May 1, 2017, https:// www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/o1/facebook-advertising-data-insecure-teens.
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Julie Е. Cohen, “The Regulatory State in the Information Age,” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 17, no. 2 (2016): 369–414.
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Ирвинг Гофман, Представление себя другим в повседневной жизни (Москва: «КАНОН-пресс-Ц», «Кучково поле», 2000).
226
Пример австралийского судебного разбирательства, на котором суд отказался принять показания, основанные на записи, сделанной игрушкой ребенка, см.: Gorman & Huffman [2015] Fam-CAFC 127.
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Complaint and Request for Investigation, Injunction, and Other Relief at 2, In re: Genesis Toys and Nuance Communications, submitted by the Electronic Privacy Information Center, the Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood, the Center for Digital Democracy, and Consumers Union (December 6, 2016), https://epic.org/privacy/kids/ EPIC–IPR-FTC-Genesis-Complaint.pdf. Некоторые европейские власти нашли способ эффектно и креативно вмешаться в проблему. Норвежский совет потребителей представил способность игрушек к мониторингу в созданном им видеофильме. Немецкое федеральное агентство посоветовало родителям уничтожить такие игрушки, поскольку они нарушают закон, запрещающий скрытые шпионящие устройства.
228
Ibid., 10.
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“Millions of Voiceprints Quietly Being Harvested as Latest Identification Tool,” Guardian, October 13, 2014, https://www.theguardian. com/technology/20i4/oct/i3/millions-of-voiceprints-quietly-being-harvested-as-latest-identification-tool.
230
Nicola Davis, “ ‘High Social Cost’ Adults Can Be Predicted from as Young as Three, Says Study,” Guardian, December 12, 2016, https:// www.theguardian.com/science/2016/dec/12/high-social-cost-adults-can-be-identified-from-as-young-as-three-says-study; Avshalom Cas-pi, Renate M. Houts, Daniel W. Belsky, Honalee Harrington, Sean Hogan, Sandhya Ramrakha, Richie Poulton, and Terrie E. Moffitt, “Childhood Forecasting of a Small Segment of the Population with Large Economic Burden,” Nature Human Behaviour 1, no. 1 (2017): article no. UNSP 0005.
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Mary Shacklett, “How Artificial Intelligence Is Taking Call Centers to the Next Level,” Tech Pro Research, June 12, 2017, http:// www.techproresearch.com/article/how-artificial-intelligence-is-taking-call-centers-to-the-next-level/.
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Обзор проблем, вызванных технообразованием, см. в: Audrey Watters, “The 100 Worst Ed-Tech Debacles of the Decade,” Hacked Education (blog), http://hackeducation.com/2019/12/31/what-a-shitshow.
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Scott R. Peppet, “Unraveling Privacy: The Personal Prospectus and the Threat of a Full-Disclosure Future,” northwestern University Law Review 105 (2011): 1153, 1201.
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Lisa Feldman Barrett, Ralph Adolphs, Stacy Marsella, Aleix M. Martinez, and Seth D. Pollak, “Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion from Human Facial Movements,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 20, no. 1 (2019), https://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/default4-domain/io. 1177 % 2F1529ioo61983293O-FREE/pdf.
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Kate Crawford, Roel Dobbe, Theodora Dryer, Genevieve Fried, Ben Green, Elizabeth Kaziunas, Amba Kak, et al., Al Now 201g Report (New York: Al Now Institute, 2019), https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_ Now_2019_Report.html.
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Ben Williamson, Sian Bayne, and Suellen Shayet, “The datafication of teaching in Higher Education: critical issues and perspectives,” Teaching in Higher Education 25, no. 4 (2020): 351–365.
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Ханна Арендт, Между прошлым и будущим (Москва: Издательство Института Гайдара, 2014), 276: «Ответственность за становление ребенка – это в известном смысле ответственность против мира: ребенок нуждается в особом присмотре и уходе, чтобы
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Seymour Papert, Mindstorms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 5.
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Кэти О’Нил, Убийственные большие данные: как математика превратилась в оружие массового поражения (Москва: ACT, 2018), 22.
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Jacqueline M. Kory, Sooyeon Jeong, and Cynthia Breazeal, “Robotic Learning Companions for Early Language Development,” Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (2013), 71–72, https://dam-prod.media.mit.edu/x/files/wp-con-tent/uploads/sites/14/2015/oi/Ko ryJeongBrezeal-ICMI-13.pdf.
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Jacqueline M. Kory and Cynthia Breazeal, “Storytelling with Robots: Learning Companion for Preschool Children’s Language Development,” Robot and Human Interactive Communication RO-MAN, The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on IEEE (2014), http://www.jakory.com/ static/papers/kory-storybot-roman-vi-revisionA.pdf.
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Deanna Hood, Severin Lemaignan, and Pierre Dillenbourg, “When Children Teach a Robot to
