40. Ibid., 30.

41. Vauvenargues, CLXIX.

42. La Bruyère and Vauvenargues, 173.

43. Vauvenargues, CL.

44. Ibid., LVII.

45. CLXXX.

46. CLVII.

47. P. 158.

48. P. 173.

49. Ibid.

50. 310.

51. Voltaire, letter of Apr. 4, 1744, in Martin, H., XV, 407n.

52. Voltaire, XIXa, 43.

53. Sorel, A., Montesquieu, 125.

54. Ibid., 9.

55. 23

56. Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, Book V, Ch. xix.

57. Persian Letters, XXIV.

58. In Sorel, 43.

59. Herodotus, History, IV, 183.

60. Aristotle, Historia animalium, viii, 12.

61. Persian Letters, XII.

62. Letter XXIV.

63. XXIX.

64. CXVIII.

65. CXIII.

66. CXVIII.

67. XXXV.

68. LXXXVI.

69. Sorel, 49.

70. Grandeur et décadence des Romains, introd., vi.

71. Ibid., Ch. xviii.

72. Ch. xii.

73. Ch. xviii.

74. Ch. vi.

75. Ch. xv.

76. Quoted in Faguet, Dix-huitième Siècle, 195.

77. Spirit of Laws, preface.

78. Ibid.

79. Palache, 35.

80. Martin, K., 151.

81. Spirit of Laws, Book I, Ch. iii.

82. Ibid., XIV, i-x.

83. XVI, i-iii.

84. Ibid., xi.

85. Ibid.

86. XIV, v.

87. VIII, xvi-xix.

88. Explanatory notes prefixed by Montesquieu to the second edition.

89. IV, vi.

90. In Sée, H., Idées politiques en France au xviiie siècle, 46.

91. Spirit of Laws, VIII, ii.

92. V, xiii.

93. V, x.

94. XI, vi.

95. Ibid.

96. Ibid.

97. XI, iii.

98. Grandeur et décadence, Ch. vii.

99. Spirit of Laws, XXIII, xxviii.

100. XV, v.

101. X, ii.

102. XIII, xvii.

103. Pensées diverses, in Hearnshaw, Great Thinkers of the Age of Reason, 116.

104. Faguet, Dix-huitième Siècle, 173.

105. Spirit of Laws, XXIV, x.

106. I, i.

107. XII, xxix.

108. In Havens, Age of Ideas, 121.

109. Spirit of Laws, XXIV, ii.

110. Ibid., iii and xxvi.

111. XXIV, v.

112. XXV, V.

113. Ibid., xiii.

114. Ibid., x.

115. Quoted in Faguet, 195.

116. Sorel, 166.

117. Pappas, Berthier’s Journal de Trévoux, 78 f.; Martin, K., 153.

118. Sorel, 163.

119. Martin, K., 168.

120. Sorel, 165.

121. Voltaire, XIXa, 238–39.

122. Philosophical Dictionary, art. «Climate,» in Works, IVa, 204–9.

123. Ibid.

124. Art. «Laws,» in Works, VIa, 104.

125. Art. «Laws, Spirit of,» in Works, VIa, 106–8.

126. Morley, Life of Voltaire, 9.

127. Cf. Macaulay, Critical… Essays and Poems, I, 226; Dunning, History of Political Theories, III, 428–31; Flint, History of the Philosophy of History, 272–76; Brunetière, 301; Stephen, L., English Thought in the 18th Century, II, 188; Sorel, 139–41.

128. Spirit of Laws, VII, iii.

129. Spencer, Principles of Sociology (3v., London, 1876–96).

130. Laski, H., Political Thought in England, 109.

131. Taine, Ancient Regime, 213.

132. Walpole, Letters, II, 187 (Jan. 10, 1750).

133. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits, I, 146.

134. Hearnshaw, French Thinkers of the Age of Reason, 116.

135. Havens, Age of Ideas, 127.

136. Sorel, 169.

137. Grimm, Correspondance, II, 491.

138. Gibbon, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1779 ed.), II, 142.

139. Waliszewski, Romance of an Empress, 91.

140. Sorel, 171.

141. Faguet, Dix-huitième Siècle, 188.

CHAPTER XI

1. Desnoiresterres, I, 410.

2. Bain, R. N., in Voltaire, Charles XII, introd., xxii.

3. E.g., Buckle, I, 577.

4. Voltaire, Charles XII, p. II.

5. Ibid., 334.

6. Letter of Aug. 25, 1732, in Works, XXIa, 216.

7. Zaïre, I, i, in Works, Xa, 27.

8. Zaïre, II, iii.

9. Desnoiresterres, II, 2.

10. Créqui, Souvenirs, 35.

11. Brandes, I, 256.

12. Ibid., 345.

13. Letters on the English, Letter 1, in Works, XIXb, 193–98.

14. Letter v.

15. Ibid.

16. Letter VIII, translation in Havens, Age of Ideas, 168.

17. Ibid., 169.

18. Letter x.

19. Letter VIII; Hearnshaw, French Thinkers of the Age of Reason, 151.

20. Works, XIXb, 29.

21. Brandes, I, 203.

22. Voltaire, XIb, 212.

23. Ibid., 219.

24. 235

25. Buckle, I, 517.

26. Parton, I, 225.

27. Ibid., 303.

28. 343.

29. Desnoiresterres, II, 139.

30. Parton, I, 384.

31. Desnoiresterres, II, 239.

32. Ibid., III, 113–15.

33. Françoise de Graffigny, Vie privée de Voltaire et Mme du Châtelet à Cirey (Paris, 1820), in Brandes, I, 400.

34. Brandes, I, 354.

35. Pomeau, La Religion de Voltaire, 190.

36. Parton, I, 391.

37. Créqui, 35.

38. Parton, I, 389.

39. Wade, Ira, Voltaire and Mme. du Châtelet, 14.

40. Ibid.

41. 37.

42. Brandes, I, 388.

43. Voltaire, XXIa, 197–201.

44. Desnoiresterres, III, 330.

45. Voltaire, XXIa, 193, 209.

46. Letter of Apr. 15, 1741, in Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 26.

47. Brandes, I, 365; Desnoiresterres, II, 53.

48. Voltaire, XXIb, 107.

49. Ia, 299.

50. Voltaire, Traité de métaphysique (Oeuvres complètes, XLIII), end of Ch. i.

51. Ibid., p. 187.

52. Taine, Ancient Regime, 258.

53. La Pucelle, Canto II, in Works, XXa, 83 f.

54. Voltaire, Alzire, I, i.

55. Brandes, I, 361.

56. Parton, I, 445.

57. Fellows and Torrey, Age of Enlightenment, 474.

58. Mahomet, III, vi, in Works, VIIIb, 55.

59. Brandes, II, 8.

60. Voltaire