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States During the Depression of 1873-78," Journal of Political Economy 58, no. 6 (1950): 495; Nicolas Barreyre, "The Politics of Economic Crises: The Panic of 1873, the End of Reconstruction, and the Realignment of American Politics," Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10, no. 4 (2011): 408; Joseph Davis, "An Annual Index of U.S. Industrial Production: 1790-1915," Quarterly Journal of Economics 119, no. 4 (2004), особенно 1203; Arthur Twining Hadley, Railroad Transportation Its History and Its Laws (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886), 70-71.

45

Unger, 226-28; Economic Cycle Dating Committee of NBER, "Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions." NBER, http://www.nber.org/cycles.html; Davis; Rosanne Currarino, The Labor Question in America: Economic Democracy in the Gilded Age (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011), 88-89; White, 82-83; Rezneck, 495-96; Alexander Keyssar, Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 4-8; Barreyre, 407-8.

46

Кейссар, 1-8, 11-14, 17-18.

47

Там же, 1-2, 14-16.

48

Там же, 1-8, 15-16, 5°.

49

Там же, 37, 5°-52, 62-69.

50

Стефан Тернстром, Бедность и прогресс: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), 136; Keyssar, 143.

51

Кейссар, 143-66.

52

Thernstrom, 85-104; Todd DePastino, Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 5, 15-17.

53

DePastino, 5, 15-17; Rezneck, 495-96; A. J. Millard, Edison and the Business of Innovation (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 31.

54

Кеннет Л. Кусмер, Down and Out, on the Road: The Homeless in American History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 37-39; DePastino, 17-29; "The Tramp and Strike Question: Часть лекции, предложенной (но так и не прочитанной)", в Walt Whitman, Complete Prose Works (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1897), 330.

55

Kusmer, 40-45, 49-52; Frank Tobias Higbie, Indispensable Outcasts: Hobo Workers and Community in the American Midwest, 1880-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 1-10, 25-26; Keyssar, 130-42.

56

Higbie, 1-10, 25-26; DePastino, 19-23; Keyssar, 130-42; Louise Carroll Wade, Chicago's Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 115; Robert A. Margo, "Wages and Wage Inequality," in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, 2-44.

57

Джереми Атак, Новый экономический взгляд на американскую историю: От колониальных времен до 1940 года, ред. Peter Passell and Susan Lee, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 1994), 14-18.

58

"Реальный ВВП США на душу населения в 1870-2001 годах", blogspot.com, http://socialdemocracy 21stcentury.blogspot.com/2012/09/us-real-per-capita-gdp-from-18702001.html; Angus Maddison, ed., The World Economy (Paris: Центр развития Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития, 2006), 187, Приложение A, таблица 1-e.

59

Саммерс, Эпоха хороших краж, 92-98, 184-91.

60

Баррейр, 409; Куррарино, 17-18, 20.

61

Баррейр, 403-23.

62

Unger, 235-44; Barreyre, 414-15; Michael F. Holt, By One Vote: The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 16-17.

63

Barreyre, 415ff.; Holt, 16; Unger, 240-44.

64

Barreyre, 415ft.; Unger, 240-44.

65

Holt, 16; Peter Argersinger, "The Transformation of American Politics: Political Institutions and Public Policy, 1865-1910," in Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000, ed. Byron E. Shafer and Anthony J. Badger (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), 121-24, 126-27; Gretchen Ritter, Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 129-35, цитаты 32.

66

Генри Джордж, "Речь, произнесенная в Сан-Франциско во время президентских выборов 1876 года", в Henry George Papers (New York: New York Public Library, n.d.), 66-67.

67

Майкл Перман, Дорога к искуплению: Southern Politics, 1869-1879 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 228-31; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 535-36.

68

Уайт, 120; Перман, 135-77; Фонер, 547-48.

69

Белый, 120.

70

Дэвид Зиверт Лавендер, Великий Убедитель (Нивот: Издательство Университета Колорадо, 1998, 1970), 253, 271; Скотт Рейнольдс Нельсон, Железные конфедерации: Southern Railways, Klan Violence, and Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ^99h 140-63.

71

Nelson, Iron Confederacies, 138-78.

72

Уайт, 109-33.

73

Gregory Downs, After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 58-61, 69, 80-81, 86-87.

74

Нелл Ирвин Пейнтер, Исходники: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction (New York: Knopf, 1976), 33-34, 71-81; Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South, from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), 122-23.

75

Отборочный комитет Сената США, "Отчет и показания Отборочного комитета Сената США по расследованию причин переселения негров из южных штатов в северные" (Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: ГПУ США, 1880), 2: 193; Hahn, 319-20; Downs, 27, 78-79.

76

LeeAnna Keith, The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 27, 78-79.

77

Кит, 125-52.

78

Ibid., 125-52; Frank Joseph Wetta, The Louisiana Scalawags: Politics, Race, and Terrorism During the Civil War and Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), 141-42; Foner, 530-31, 550.

79

Perman, 159-60; James T. Otten, "The Wheeler Adjustment in Louisiana: Национальные республиканцы начинают переоценивать свою политику реконструкции", История Луизианы:

Журнал Луизианской исторической ассоциации 13, нет. 4 (1972): 355-56; Foner, 526, 551; Keith, 111-50; Charles W. Calhoun, Conceiving a New Republic: The Republican Party and the Southern Question, 1869-1900 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 48-52; U.S. Senate, Report and Testimony, 2: 207; Wetta, 141-43.

80

Фонер, 551-56; Кит, 117-18, 131-52; Калхун, 60-69, 76; Пейнтер, 79; Оттен, 359-60; Сенат США, доклад и показания, 2: 128; Перман, 159, 161.

81

Перман, 161-64; Калхун, 55-78.

82

Уильям Е. Нельсон, Четырнадцатая поправка: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 148-65; Keith, 135; Ronald M. Labbe and Jonathan Lurie, The Slaughterhouse Cases: Регулирование, реконструкция и Четырнадцатая поправка (сокращенное издание), ред. Jonathan Lurie (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 1-11.

83

Labbe and Lurie, xiii, 7-8, 174-77; Nelson, 151-81.

84

Лаббе и Лури, 128-29, 134, 140.

85

Там же, 98-100; W. E. Nelson, 155-56.

86

Labbe and Lurie, 146-47.

87

Лаббе и Лури, 149-55; У. Э. Нельсон, 162-64.

88

Labbe and Lurie, 155-56; W. E. Nelson, 161-62.

89

Labbe and Lurie, 156-59.

90

Фонер, 530-31.

91

Майкл Кент Кертис, No State Shall Abridge: The 14th Amendment and the Bill of Rights (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), 178-80; Foner, 530-31.

92

Кертис, 178-80; Кит, 155-57.

93

Foner, 532-34; Perman, 139-42.

94

Foner, 533-34, 553-56; Calhoun, 71-79; Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865-1901 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 125-52.

95

Многое из нижеследующего взято из White, 109-33; Paul W. Gates, History of Public Land Law Development (Washington, DC: [for sale by

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