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251
Stephanie E. Hornbeck, “Elephant Ivory: An Overview of Changes to Its Stringent Regulation and Considerations for Its Identification,” AIC Objects Specialty Group Postprints 22 (2015): 101–22, http://resources.conservation-us.org/osg-postprints/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2015/05/osg022-08vII.pdf.
252
“Ivory: Where It Comes From, Its Uses and the Modes of Working It,” New York Times, August 14, 1866, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
253
“Ivory: Where It Comes From, Its Uses and the Modes of Working It,” New York Times, August 14, 1866, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
254
“Ivory: Where It Comes From, Its Uses and the Modes of Working It,” New York Times, August 14, 1866, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
255
“The World’s Ivory Trade,” New York Times, July 23, 1882, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
256
“The World’s Ivory Trade,” New York Times, July 23, 1882, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
257
“The World’s Ivory Trade,” New York Times, July 23, 1882, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
258
Chaiklin, “Imports and Autarky: Tortoiseshell in Early Modern Japan.”
259
Freinkel, Plastics: A Toxic Love Story.
260
Terri Byrne, “Ivoryton’s Keys Are Musical,” New York Times, December 25, 1977, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
261
Susan Freinkel, “A Brief History of Plastic’s Conquest of the World,” Scientific American, May 29, 2011, https://www.scientificamerican.com.
262
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.
263
According to the IUCN, “Disease appears to be a problem in some populations in some years, with diphtheritic stomatitis (caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium spp.) and the blood parasite Leucocytozoon tawaki, formerly only known from Fiordland penguins, causes of mortality for chicks… Human disturbance, particularly from unregulated tourists at breeding areas, negatively affects energy budgets, fledgling weight and probability of survival.” “Yellow-Eyed Penguin, Megadyptes antipodes,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018, BirdLife International, 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697800A132603494.en.
264
“Southern Royal Albatross, Diomedea epomophora,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018, BirdLife International, 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698314A132641187.en.
265
Thomas Mattern, “New Zealand’s Mainland Yellow-Eyed Penguins Face Extinction Unless Urgent Action Taken,” University of Otago, May 17, 2017, https://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago648034.html.
266
P. E. Michael, R. Thomson, C. Barbraud et al., “Illegal Fishing Bycatch Overshadows Climate as a Driver of Albatross Population Decline,” Marine Ecology Progress Series 579 (September 2017): 185–99, http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12248.
267
Bugoni et al., “Marine Debris and Human Impacts on Sea Turtles in Southern Brazil.”
268
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
269
A. Abreu-Grobois and P. Plotkin (IUCN SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group), “Olive Ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008, BirdLife International, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11534A3292503.en.
270
Nathaniel L. Bindoff, William W. L. Cheung, James G. Kairo et al., “Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities,” in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL-1.pdf.
271
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018, http://www.fao.org/3/I9540EN/i9540en.pdf, vii.
272
“Sharks,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=sharkspercent20&searchType=species. Sandra Altherr and Nicola Hodgins, Small Cetaceans, Big Problems: A Global Review of the Impacts of Hunting on Small Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Pro Wildlife, Animal Welfare Institute, and Whale and Dolphin Conservation, November 2018, https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/publication/digital_download/AWI-ML-Small-Cetaceans-Report.pdf.
273
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
274
Sophia Rosenbaum, “She Recorded That Heartbreaking Turtle Video. Here’s What She Wants Companies like Starbucks to Know About Plastic Straws,” Time, July 17, 2018, https://time.com.
275
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
276
Rebecca L. C. Taylor, “Bag Leakage: The Effect of Disposable Carryout Bag Regulations on Unregulated Bags,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 93 (January 2019): 254–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.001.
277
Bjørn Lomborg, “Sorry, Banning Plastic Bags Won’t Save Our Planet,” The Globe and Mail, June 20, 2019, https://www.theglobeandmail.com.
278
Eriksen et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea.”
279
For the specific case of carbonated drinks, see Franklin Associates, Life Cycle Inventory of Three Single-Serving Soft Drink Containers, report prepared for PET Resin Association, 2009, http://www.petresin.org/pdf/FranklinLCISodaContainers2009.pdf. For a general review, see Pan Demetrakakes, “This Material, or That?” Packaging Digest, March 11, 2015, www.packagingdigest.com/beverage-packaging/material-or.
280
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
281
Frida Røyne and Johanna Berlin, “The Importance of Including Service Life in the Climate Impact Comparison of Bioplastcs and Fossil-Based Plastics,” Research Institutes of Sweden, Report no. 23, 2018, http://ri.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1191391/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
282
A lifecycle assessment found that an engine component storage box made from conventional plastic could last six times as long as a bioplastics box under development. Ibid.
283
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
284
“Composting PLA and TPS results in higher impacts than landfilling in seven categories: smog, acidification, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, respiratory effects, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion.” Troy A. Hottle, Melissa M. Bilec, and Amy E. Landis, “Biopolymer Production
