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and L. Fok, “Plastic Waste in the Marine Environment: A Review of Sources, Occurrence and Effects,” Science of the Total Environment 566–567 (2016): 333–49, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084.

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L. Lebreton, B. Slat, F. Ferrari et al., “Evidence That the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is Rapidly Accumulating Plastic,” Scientific Reports, 2018, no. 8 (March 22, 2018), article no. 4666, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w.

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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.

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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.

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“Facts and Figures About Materials, Waste and Recycling,” Environmental Protection Agency, October 30, 2019, accessed January 2, 2019, https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/plastics-material-specific-data#PlasticsTableandGraph.

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Changing the Way We Use Plastics, European Commission, 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/pdf/pan-european-factsheet.pdf.

228

Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.

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Mike Ives, “China Limits Waste. ‘Cardboard Grannies’ and Texas Recyclers Scramble,” New York Times, November 25, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com.

230

Mike Ives, “Recyclers Cringe as Southeast Asia Says It’s Sick of the West’s Trash,” New York Times, June 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

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Mike Ives, “Recyclers Cringe as Southeast Asia Says It’s Sick of the West’s Trash,” New York Times, June 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

232

Motoko Rich, “Cleansing Plastic from Oceans: Big Ask for a Country That Loves Wrap,” New York Times, June 27, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

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Roland Geyer et al., “Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made,” Science Advances 3, no. 7 (July 19, 2017), http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782.

234

Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.

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Harvey Black, “Rethinking Recycling,” Environmental Health Perspectives 103, no. 11 (1995): 1006–1009, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519181/pdf/envhper00359-0034-color.pdf.

236

Benjamin Brooks, Kristen Hays, and Luke Milner, Plastics recycling: PET and Europe lead the way, Petrochemicals special report (S&P Global Platts, September 2019), https://www.spglobal.com/platts/plattscontent/_assets/_files/en/specialreports/petrochemicals/plastic-recycling-pet-europe.pdf.

237

Daniel Hoornweg and Perinaz Bhada-Tata, What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, World Bank Urban Development Series, Knowledge Papers no. 15, March 2012, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17388/68135.pdf?sequence=8&isAllowed=y/, 46.

238

Jambeck et al., “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean.”

239

Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

240

Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

241

Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

242

Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

243

Collin P. Ward, Cassia J. Armstrong, Anna N. Walsh, Julia H. Wash, and Christopher M. Reddy, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxde and Dissolved Organic Carbon,” Environmental Science Technology Letters 6, no. 11 (October 10, 2019): 669–674, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00532.

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“Sunlight Degrades Polystyrene Faster than Expected,” National Science Foundation, October 18, 2019, https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=299408&org=NSF&from=news.

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Collin P. Ward, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon.”

246

Collin P. Ward, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon.”

247

Emily A. Miller, Loren McClenachan, Roshikazu Uni et al., “The Historical Development of Complex Global Trafficking Networks for Marine Wildlife,” Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaav5948, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5948.

248

Martha Chaiklin, “Imports and Autarky: Tortoiseshell in Early Modern Japan,” in Luxury and Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000, edited by Bernd-Stefan Grewe and Karen Hoffmeester (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 218–21, 230, 236.

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Martha Chaiklin, “Imports and Autarky: Tortoiseshell in Early Modern Japan,” in Luxury and Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000, edited by Bernd-Stefan Grewe and Karen Hoffmeester (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 218–21, 230, 236.

250

Stephanie E. Hornbeck, “Elephant Ivory: An Overview of Changes to Its Stringent Regulation and Considerations for Its Identification,” AIC Objects Specialty Group Postprints 22

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