928

Daniel Payettte (@danielpayette), “Bill, if you’re seriously in cahoots with Steyer, you lose any and all credibility in this fight,” Twitter, August 24, 2019, 7:37 p.m., https://twitter.com/danielpayette/status/1165453054637985795.

929

TomKat Charitable Trust, 990-PF IRS Form 990-PF, 2012, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2012_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf. TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS form 990-PF, 2014, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2014_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf. TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS form 990-PF, 2014, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2015_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf. “Financial Data: 2018 Financials,” 350.org, https://350.org/2018-annual-report-financials.

930

“Financial Data: 2018 Financials,” 350.org, https://350.org/2018-annual-report-financials.

931

TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS Form 990-PF, 2012, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2012 _TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf; TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS Form 990-PF, 2014, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2014_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf. TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS Form 990-PF, 2015, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2015_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf. “Financial Data: 2018 Financials,”350.org, https://350.org/2018-annual-report-financials.

932

Carol D. Leonnig et al., “Tom Steyer’s slow, and ongoing, conversion from fossil-fuels investor to climate activist,” «The Washington Post», June 9, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com.

933

Carol D. Leonnig et al., “Tom Steyer’s slow, and ongoing, conversion from fossil-fuels investor to climate activist,” «The Washington Post», June 9, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com.

934

Michael Barbaro and Coral Davenport, “Aims of Donor Are Shadowed by Past in Coal,” New York Times, July 4, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com.

935

ABC News, “ ‘This Week’ Transcript 7-14-19: Ken Cuccinelli, Sen. Amy Klobuchar, Tom Steyer,” ABC News, July 14, 2019, https://abcnews.go.com.

936

Bill Allison and Tom Maloney, “Billionaire Candidate Steyer Admits to Carbon ‘Dregs’ from His Hedge Fund Days,” Bloomberg, September 20, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com.

937

TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS Form 990-PF, 2012, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2012_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf; TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS Form 990-PF, 2014, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2014_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf. TomKat Charitable Trust, IRS Form 990-PF, 2015, https://www.tomsteyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2015_TFS_Tax_Returns_Public.pdf. “Financial Data: 2018 Financials,”350.org, https://350.org/2018-annual-report-financials. Bloomberg Philanthropies gave EDF $13.8 million from 2012 to 2017. Bloomberg Philanthropies, IRS Form 990-PF, 2011–2015, https://www.influencewatch.org/non-prof it/bloomberg-family-foundation-bloomberg-philanthropies. Bloomberg Philanthropies, IRS Form 990-PF, 2016–2017, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/205602483.Bloomberg Philanthropies gave the Sierra Club $99 million from 2011 to 2017. Bloomberg Philanthropies, IRS Form 990-PF, 2011–2015, https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/bloomberg-family-foundation-bloomberg-philanthropies. Bloomberg Philanthropies, IRS Form 990-PF, 2016–2017, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/205602483. “Bloomberg Philanthropies Boosts Investment in Sierra Club to Retire U.S. Coal Fleet & Transition the Nation towards Clean Energy Sources,” Bloomberg Philanthropies, April 8, 2015, https://www.bloomberg.org. Bloomberg Philanthropies gave NRDC $5.6 million from 2015 to 2017. Bloomberg Philanthropies, IRS Form 990-PF, 2011–2015, https://www.inf luencewatch.org/non-prof it/bloomberg-family-foundation-bloomberg-philanthropies. Bloomberg Philanthropies, IRS Form 990-PF, 2016-2017, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/205602483.

938

A single nuclear plant such as Indian Point, in New York, which Sierra Club, NRDC, and EDF have all worked together to close, can provide electricity for two million residents. Indian Point’s operator receives about $50 per MWh of electricity, and an average New Yorker needs about 8 MWh per year. Indian Point produces more than 16 TWh per year according to data from IAEA, with New York’s electricity consumption from the U.S. Energy Information Association and electricity pricing data from David B. Patton, Pallas LeeVanSchaick, Jie Chen, and Raghu Palavadi Naga, 2018 State of the Market Report for the New York ISO Markets, New York Independent System Operator, May 2019, https://www.nyiso.com/documents/20142/2223763/2018-State-of-the-Market-Report.pdf/b5bd2213-9fe2-b0e7-a422-d4071b3d014b?t=1557775606716.

939

For a history of EDF’s work, see David Roe, Dynamos and Virgins (New York: Random House, 1984).

940

“The Sierra Club Foundation Has a Bright Shining Conflict of Interest,” Big Green Radicals, May 1, 2014, accessed February 2, 2020, https://www.biggreenradicals.com/the-sierra-club-foundation-has-a-bright-shining-conflict-of-interest. As of early 2020, the composition of the board of directors of the Sierra Club foundation had changed.

941

Michael Shellenberger, “Environmental Defense Fund,” Environmental Progress, 2018, http://environmentalprogress.org/edf.

942

Michael Shellenberger, “NRDC,” Environmental Progress, April 4, 2018, http://environmentalprogress.org/nrdc.

943

Clayton Aldern, “Looking for a Fossil-Free Investment Fund? Check the Fine Print,” Grist, December 8, 2015, https://grist.org.

944

Tom Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2015), 161.

945

Sharon Beder, “How Environmentalists Sold Out to Help Enron,” PR Watch, 2003, accessed January 19, 2020, https://www.prwatch.org.

946

Peter Bondarenko, “Enron Scandal,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed February 1, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/event/Enron-scandal.

947

Matt Taibbi, “The Great American Bubble Machine,” Rolling Stone, April 5, 2010, https://www.rollingstone.com.

948

New Energy, New Solutions: Annual Report 2019, Environmental Defense Fund, 2019, https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/2019_EDF_Annual_Report.pdf. Natural Resources Defense Council, IRS Form 990, 2017, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/nrdc-2017-form-990.pdf. Sierra Club Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2018, https://www.sierraclubfoundation.org/sites/sierraclubfoundation.org/files/2018%20SCF%20990%20final%20signed%20Pub%20Disc.pdf. Competitive Enterprise Institute, IRS Form 990, 2017, https://cei.org/sites/default/files/CEI%20990%20FY%20ending%20Sept.%202018%20Public%20V.pdf. The Heartland Institute, IRS Form 990, 2018, https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/about-us/2017%20Form%20IRS%20990.pdf. The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) had revenues of $202 million, along with $215 million in assets, in 2019. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) raised $182 million and had $411 million in assets. The Competitive Enterprise Institute brought in just $7 million revenue in 2018 and had just shy of $1 million assets, while the Heartland Institute had revenues of $6 million ($1.5 million in assets).Michael Shellenberger, “Exxon,” Environmental Progress, April 2020, http://environmentalprogress.org/exxon.

949

The Heritage Foundation, “2018 Financial Statements,” December 31, 2018, https://thf-reports.s3.amazonaws.com/Financial/2018_AnnualReport_Financials.pdf.

950

American Enterprise Institute, 2018 Annual Report, 2018, https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/AEI-2018-Annual-Report.pdf.

951

Cato Institute, “Life Liberty the Pursuit of Happiness: 2018 Annual Report,” https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/cato-annual-report-2018.pdf.

952

Steven F. Hayward, Mark Muro, Ted Nordhaus, and Michael Shellenberger, Post-partisan Power, AEI, Brookings, and Breakthrough Institute, 2010, https://www.politico.com/pdf/PPM170_post-partisan_power-1.pdf, 8. Alex Brill and Alex Flint, “Carbon Tax Most Efficient in Tackling Climate Change,” American Enterprise Institute, March 1, 2019, https://www.aei.org.

953

Center for American Progress, IRS Form 990, 2018, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/300126510/201912639349301106/full; The Nature Conservancy, “Consolidated Financial Statements,” June 30, 2019, https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/TNC-Financial-StatementsFY19.pdf.

954

“Howard Learner,