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24. “Rise of the Image Men.”
25. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Upton Sinclair, The Brass Check: A Study of American Journalism (Pasadena, CA: Upton Sinclair, 1920).
29. Sarah Laskow, “Railyards Were Once So Dangerous They Needed Their Own Railway Surgeons,” Atlas Obscura, July 25, 2018.
30. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
31. Ibid.
32. Emily Atkin, “Big Oil’s First Publicist Advised Nazi Germany,” Heated, January 21, 2020.
33. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
34. Quoted in Katherine H. Adams, Progressive Politics and the Training of America’s Persuaders (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999), 136.
35. Ken Silverstein, Turkmeniscam: How Washington Lobbyists Fought to Flack for a Stalinist Dictatorship (New York: Random House, 2008).
36. “Rise of the Image Men.”
37. “Rise of the Image Men.”
38. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
39. Atkin, “Big Oil’s First Publicist.“
40. “‘Fake News,’ Lies and Propaganda: How to Sort Fact from Fiction,” University of Michigan Library Research Guides, last updated August 4, 2022, https://guides.lib.umich.edu/fakenews.
41. “Rise of the Image Men.”
42. Quoted in Dick Martin and Donald K. Wright, Public Relations Ethics: How to Practice PR Without Losing Your Soul (New York: Business Expert Press, 2016).
43. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
44. Ibid.
3. MASTER OF PUBLICITY
1. Quoted in Doug J. Swanson, Cult of Glory: The Bold and Brutal History of the Texas Rangers (New York: Penguin Books, 2021).
2. Ray Eldon Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd: Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations in America, 2nd ed. (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).
3. Ivy Lee Archive, Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Box 4, Folder 6.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
7. “New Yorker Sees Cuno, Stinnes, and Mussolini,” New York Times, May 27, 1923; “Foreign News: Ivy Lee a-Visiting,” Time, June 11, 1923.
8. It’s unclear if Lee was familiar with Ernest Hemingway’s later meeting with Mussolini, in which the dictator sat “frowning over” a French-English dictionary, trying to pose as an erudite scholar—without realizing the book was upside down. See Dennis Mack Smith, Mussolini (New York: Knopf, 1982).
9. Ivy Lee with Burton St. John III, Mr. Lee’s Publicity Book: A Citizen’s Guide to Public Relations (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).
10. Lee, Mr. Lee’s Publicity Book.
11. Ibid.
12. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
13. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 4, Folder 2.
14. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
15. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 4, Folder 1.
16. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
17. Ibid.
18. “Ivy Lee Moved to Aid the Soviet,” New York Times, March 28, 1926.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ivy Lee, Present-Day Russia (New York: Macmillan, 1928).
22. “Ivy Lee Moved to Aid the Soviet.”
23. “Ivy Lee Again Fails to Aid Soviet Cause,” New York Times, July 26, 1927.
24. Lee, Present-Day Russia.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 6, Folder 9.
35. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
36. Frederick L. Schuman, review of Present-Day Russia, by Ivy Lee, American Journal of Sociology 35, no. 1 (July 1929): 144–145.
37. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
38. Ibid.
39. “Fish Sees Demand for Red Trade Ban,” New York Times, October 29, 1930.
40. “Tinkham Assails Ivy Lee in House,” New York Times, February 23, 1929.
41. “Opposes Soviet Goods Ban,” New York Times, June 16, 1931.
42. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
43. Vagit Alekperov, Oil of Russia: Past, Present and Future, trans. Paul B. Gallagher and Thomas D. Hedden (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2011).
44. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
4. BROKEN
1. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Richard Philcox (New York: Grove Press, 2007), 48n1.
2. Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (1976; repr., Forest Row, UK: Clairview Books, 2010).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities,” Hearings No. 73-DC-4, 73rd Cong., 2nd Sess. (June 5–7, 1934).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ray Eldon Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd: Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations in America, 2nd ed. (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).
10. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”
11. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler.
12. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ivy Lee Archive, Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Box 5, Folder 7.
16. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 4, Folder 37.
17. Ibid.
18. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
19. William E. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, ed. William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd (London: Victor Gollancz, 1945).
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Frank C. Hanighen, “Foreign Political Movements in the United States,” Foreign Affairs, October 1937.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Tarun Krishnakumar, “Propaganda by Permission: Examining ‘Political Activities’ Under the Foreign Agents Registration Act,” Journal of Legislation 47, no. 2 (2021): 49.
27. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Scott M. Cutlip, The Unseen Power: Public Relations: A History (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 145.
39. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.
40. Ibid.
41. “Ivy Lee, as Adviser to Nazis, Paid $25,000 by Dye Trust,” New York Times, July 12, 1934.
42. “Races: Father and Son,” Time, July 23, 1934.
43. Cutlip, The Unseen Power.
44. Ivy Lee with Burton St. John III, Mr. Lee’s Publicity Book: A Citizen’s Guide to Public Relations (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).
45. “Ivy Lee Home from Reich,”
