6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. “Alaska Investigation,” Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives, 16th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1869), 1–5.

10. The Clinton Foundation tax documents are found on the IRS’s Tax Exempt Organizations Search database, at https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/details/. For a more legible look at Clinton Foundation finances, see ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer, “Bill Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation,” https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/311580204.

11. Elizabeth Redden, “Foreign Gift Investigations Expand and Intensify,” Inside Higher Ed, February 20, 2020.

PROLOGUE: BAD BUSINESS

1. Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City (New York: Vintage International, 2006).

2. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities,” Hearings No. 73-DC-4, 73rd Cong., 2nd Sess. (June 5–7, 1934).

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. David B. Ottaway and Patrick E. Tyler, “Angola Rebel Chief to Receive U.S. Praise, and Possibly Aid,” Washington Post, January 26, 1986.

9. Franklin Foer, “Paul Manafort, American Hustler,” The Atlantic, March 2018.

10. Nicholas D. Kristof, “Our Own Terrorist,” New York Times, March 5, 2002.

11. Ibid.

12. Evan Thomas, “The Slickest Shop in Town,” Time, March 3, 1986.

13. Phil McCombs, “Salute to Savimbi,” Washington Post, February 1, 1986.

14. Ottaway and Tyler, “Angola Rebel Chief.”

15. McCombs, “Salute to Savimbi.”

16. Ottaway and Tyler, “Angola Rebel Chief.”

17. Patrick E. Tyler and David B. Ottaway, “The Selling of Jonas Savimbi: Success and a $600,000 Tab,” Washington Post, February 9, 1986.

18. Sean Braswell, “The Bloody Birth of Corporate PR,” OZY, October 24, 2015.

19. Lionel Zetter, Lobbying: The Art of Political Persuasion, 3rd ed. (Petersfield, UK: Harriman House, 2014).

20. “Archival Video: 1989: Paul Manafort Admits to Influence Pedaling [sic] in Wake of US Department of Housing and Urban Development Federal Investigation,” ABC News, April 11, 2016.

21. U.S. Congress, “Amdt1.4.1: Overview of Free Exercise Clause,” Constitution Annotated, https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/amdt1-4-1/ALDE_00013221/, accessed 4 March 2023.

PART I: POISON

1. Everett Dean Martin, The Behavior of Crowds: A Psychological Study (New York: Harper, 1920), 235.

1. DIRE CONSEQUENCES

1. Svetlana Alexievich, Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets (New York: Random House, 2017), 6.

2. Peter Grier, “The Lobbyist Through History: Villainy and Virtue,” Christian Science Monitor, September 28, 2009.

3. Ibid.

4. Tarun Krishnakumar, “Propaganda by Permission: Examining ‘Political Activities’ Under the Foreign Agents Registration Act,” Journal of Legislation 47, no. 2 (2021): 46.

5. Robert C. Byrd, The Senate, 1789–1989, vol. 2, Addresses on the History of the United States Senate, ed. Wendy Wolff (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), 492.

6. Ibid.

7. Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist No. 21: Other Defects of the Present Confederation” (1787).

8. Thomas V. DiBacco, “150 Years Ago, Russia Bribed Congress to Vote for the Dough to Buy Alaska,” Orlando Sentinel, November 3, 2017.

9. Ibid.

10. Ronald J. Jensen, The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975).

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Tom Kizzia, “William H. Seward, Political Fixer,” AHS Blog, Alaska Historical Society, March 6, 2013, https://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/william-h-seward-political-fixer/.

18. Milton O. Gustafson, “Seward’s Bargain: The Alaska Purchase from Russia,” Prologue Magazine 26, no. 4 (Winter 1994): 261–269, https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1994/winter/alaska-check.

19. “Alaska Investigation,” Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives, 16th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1869), 1–5.

20. Lionel Zetter, Lobbying: The Art of Political Persuasion, 3rd ed. (Petersfield, UK: Harriman House, 2014).

21. Emily Edson Briggs, The Olivia Letters: Being Some History of Washington City for Forty Years as Told by the Letters of a Newspaper Correspondent (New York: Neale, 1906), 91. See https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58604/58604-h/58604-h.htm.

22. Zetter, Lobbying.

23. Cited in Nick Ragone, The Everything American Government Book (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 194.

24. Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

2. WHAT IS A FACT?

1. This quote has been attributed to, among others, George Orwell, William Randolph Hearst, and Malcolm Muggeridge. There is little evidence linking the quote to any of them. See Dorian Lynskey, “The Ministry of Truth,” PowellsBooks.Blog, June 5, 2019, https://www.powells.com/post/original-essays/the-ministry-of-truth.

2. “The Ludlow Massacre,” American Experience, PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rockefellers-ludlow/, accessed 3 March 2023.

3. Ben Mauk, “The Ludlow Massacre Still Matters,” New Yorker, April 18, 2014.

4. Austin Harvey, “The Bloody Story of the Ludlow Massacre, When Striking Coal Miners and Their Families Were Killed by the National Guard,” All That’s Interesting, last updated October 14, 2022, https://allthatsinteresting.com/ludlow-massacre.

5. “The Ludlow Massacre.”

6. Seamus Finn, “Strikes, Industrial Unrest: All Put in the Shade by the Infamous Ludlow Massacre,” Irish Independent, May 7, 2009.

7. Mauk, “The Ludlow Massacre Still Matters.”

8. “The Ludlow Massacre.”

9. Ray Eldon Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd: Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations in America, 2nd ed. (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).

10. Ibid.

11. Grady’s was hardly the only racist voice Lee was exposed to at an early age. Lee’s father, James Lee, once contributed to a book called Anglo-Saxon Supremacy, or, Race Contributions to Civilization. Lee rarely commented on race in the United States, though there is little indication he veered from the white supremacist rhetoric of his childhood. For instance, he once referred to Asian immigration to the United States as “an invasion from the Orient.” Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Scott M. Cutlip, “Public Relations Was Lobbying from the Start,” letter to the editor, New York Times, January 18, 1991.

16. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

17. “The First Press Release,” NewsMuseum (Lisbon), accessed 3 March 2023.

18. “Business School to Hear Ivy Lee,” Harvard Crimson, January 29, 1924.

19. Timothy Noah, “Mitt Romney, Crybaby Capitalist,” New Republic, July 16, 2012.

20. “Rise of the Image Men,” The Economist, December 16, 2010.

21. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

22. “Rise of the Image Men.”

23. Ivy Lee with Burton St.