Шрифт:
Закладка:
409
Осознание этого подвигло Мида на создание нейроморфных систем, которые, как и мозг, работают в режиме реального времени. Mead C. 1990. Neuromorphic electronic systems. Proc. IEEE 78:1629–36. – Прим. авт.
410
Так же употребляются названия предсказательное кодирование, предиктивное кодирование, прогностическая обработка. – Прим. ред.
411
von Helmholtz Hermann (1867). Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. 3. Leipzig: English translation: Optical Society of America (1924–25): Treatise on Physiological Optics.
412
McClelland J. L. & Rumelhart D. E. “An Interactive Activation Model of Context Effects in Letter Perception: Part 1. An Account of Basic Findings.” Psychological Review, 88(5) 401–436, 1981; “Part 2. The Contextual Enhancement Effect and Some Tests and Extensions of the Model,” Psychological Review, 89 (1) 60–94, 1982.
413
Muller L., Piantoni S., Koller D., Cash S. S., Halgren E., Sejnowski T. J. “Rotating waves during human sleep spindles organize global patterns of activity during the night,” eLife, e17267 (2016).
414
Соединяющая машина.
415
1015.
416
Выражение означает, что для успеха в долгосрочной перспективе нужно предпринимать необходимые шаги прямо сейчас, а также не жертвовать долгосрочной выгодой ради сиюминутной прибыли. – Прим. ред.
417
Известное высказывание Артура Кларка: «Любая достаточно развитая технология неотличима от магии». – Прим. авт.
418
Глава адаптирована из: Sejnowski T. J. Consciousness, Daedalus, Winter, 144: 123–132, 2015.
419
Francis H. C. Crick, What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
420
Единого общепринятого научного определения сознания не существует. Однако оно включает в себя состояние бодрствования, способность воспринимать то, что находится или происходит вокруг, а также осознание себя и мира. – Прим. авт.
421
Crick F. “The function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:4586–90, 1984.
422
Francis Crick and Christof Koch, “The Problem of Consciousness,” Scientific American 267 (3) (1992): 10–17; Francis Crick and Christof Koch, “Constraints on Cortical and Thalamic Projections: The NoStrong-Loops Hypothesis,” Nature 391 (1998): 245–250; Francis Crick and Christof Koch, “A Framework for Consciousness,” Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 119–126; and Francis Crick, Christof Koch, Gabriel Kreiman, and Itzhak Fried, “Consciousness and Neurosurgery,” Neurosurgery 55 (2) (2004): 273–281.
423
F. Crick and C. F. Koch. “Are We Aware of Neural Activity in Primary Visual Cortex?” Nature 375 (1995): 121–123; Koch C, Massimini M, Boly M & Tononi G (2016) The neural correlates of consciousness: Progress and problems. Nature Review Neuroscience 17: 307–21.
424
Quiroga R. Q., Reddy L., Kreiman G., Koch C. & Fried I. Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature 435, 1102–1107 (2005).
425
Karl Deisseroth and Mark J. Schnitzer, “Engineering Approaches to Illuminating Brain Structure and Dynamics,” Neuron 80 (2013): 568–577.
426
Valerio Mante, David Sussillo, Krishna V. Shenoy, William T. Newsome, “Context-Dependent Computation by Recurrent Dynamics in Prefrontal Cortex,” Nature 503 (2013): 78–84.
427
Отчет BRAIN 2025 www.nih.gov/science/brain/2025/index.htm
428
Churchland P. S. and Sejnowski T. J. The Computational Brain, 2nd edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (2016).
429
face cells – группа нейронов, которая активнее всего реагирует при распознании лиц. – Прим. ред.
430
L. Chang and D. Y. Tsao. “The code for facial identity in the primate brain.” Cell, 169:1013–1028.e14, 2017.
431
David A. Bulkin and Jennifer M. Groh, “Seeing Sounds: Visual and Auditory Interactions in the Brain,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 16 (2006): 415–419.
432
David M. Eagleman and Terrence J. Sejnowski, “Motion Integration and Postdiction in Visual Awareness,” Science 287 (2000): 2036–2038.
433
Stephen L. Macknik, Susana Martinez-Conde, and Sandra Blakeslee, Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals About Our Everyday Deceptions (New York: Henry Holt, 2010).
434
Stanislas Dehaene and Jean-Pierre Changeux, “Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to Conscious Processing,” Neuron 70 (2011): 200–227.
435
Moeller S., Crapse T., Chang L. and Tsao D. Y. The effect of face patch microstimulation on perception of faces and objects Nat. Neurosci. 20, 743–752 (2017).
436
Parvizi J., Jacques C., Foster B. L., Withoft N., Rangarajan V., Weiner K. S. and Grill-Spector K. Electrical stimulation of human fusiform face-selective regions distorts face perception. J. Neurosci. 32, 14915–14920 (2012).
437
Sejnowski T. J. What Are the Projective Fields of Cortical Neurons? van Hemmen J. L. Sejnowski T. J. (Ed.), In: 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience, Oxford University Press, 394–405, 2005.
438
Leanne Chukoskie, Joseph Snider, Michael C. Mozer, Richard J. Krauzlis, and Terrence J. Sejnowski, “Learning Where to Look for a Hidden Target,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (2013): 10438–10445.
439
Terrence J. Sejnowski, Howard Poizner, Gary Lynch, Sergei Gepshtein, and Ralph J. Greenspan, “Prospective Optimization,” Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 102 (2014): 799–811.
440
F. C. Crick, C. Koch, “What is the function of the claustrum?” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 360 (2005), 1271–1279.
441
Lincoln T. A., Joyce G. F. (February 2009). «Self-sustained replication of an RNA enzyme». Science. 323 (5918): 1229–32.
442
Cech T. R. (Jul 2012). «The RNA worlds in context». Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 4 (7): a006742.
443
Feldman J. A. (2016). Mysteries of visual experience. arxiv.org/abs/1604.08612
444
Patricia S. Churchland, V. S. Ramachandran, and Terrence J. Sejnowski, “A