of recent MRI studies. J Affect Disord. 2009. Se; 117(1–2): 1–17.

16

Contribution of depression to cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. Neurologist. 2007 May; 13(3): 105–17.

17

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, p. 20. ISBN978–0–89042–555–8

18

Dalgleish T. The emotional brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Jul; 5(7): 583–9. Review

19

Mega MS, Cummings JL, Salloway S, Malloy P. The limbic system: an anatomic, phylogenetic, and clinical perspective. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Summer; 9(3): 315–30. Review

20

Robert Sapolsky (2005). "Biology and Human Behavior: The Neurological Origins of Individuality, 2nd edition". The Teaching Company, p. 13 & 14 of Guide Book

21

de la Torre R, Farré M, Roset PN, Pizarro N, Abanades S, Segura M, Segura J, Camí J. Human pharmacology of MDMA: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition. Ther Drug Monit. 2004 Apr; 26(2): 137–44. Review

22

Hofmann A. (1983). LSD, my problem child: Reflections on sacred drugs, mysticism, and science. Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher. P. 21

23

Andersson A, Wiréhn A-B, Ölvander C, Ekman DS, Bendtsen P. Alcohol use among university students in Sweden measured by an electronic screening instrument. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:229. doi: 10.1186/1471–2458–9–229

24

Nichols DE. Hallucinogens. Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Feb; 101(2): 131–81. Review.

25

Setola V, Hufeisen SJ, Grande-Allen KJ, Vesely I, Glennon RA, Blough B, Rothman RB, Roth BL. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") induces fenfluramine-like proliferative actions on human cardiac valvular interstitial cells in vitro. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Jun; 63(6): 1223–9

26

Kennett GA, Ainsworth K, Trail B, Blackburn TP. BW 723C86, a 5-HT2B receptor agonist, causes hyperphagia and reduced grooming in rats. Neuropharmacology. 1997 Feb; 36(2): 233–9

27

Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Savage JE, Rauser L, McBride A, Hufeisen SJ, Roth BL. Evidence for possible involvement of 5-HT(2B) receptors in the cardiac valvulopathy associated with fenfluramine and other serotonergic medications. Circulation. 2000 Dec 5; 102(23): 2836–41

28

Kellett J, Kokkinidis L. Extinction deficit and fear reinstatement after electrical stimulation of the amygdala: implications for kindling-associated fear and anxiety. Neuroscience. 2004; 127(2): 277–87

29

Ghaemi SN. The rise and fall of the biopsychosocial model. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jul; 195(1): 3–4. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.063859

30

Haygarth, John. (1800). Of the imagination, as a cause and as a cure of disorders of the body; exemplified by fictitious tractors, and epidemical convulsions. Read to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Bath. By John Haygarth, M.D. … Bath: printed by R. Cruttwell; and sold by Cadell and Davies, London

31

Beecher HK. The powerful placebo. J Am Med Assoc. 1955; 159(17): 1602–6

32

Howick J, Friedemann C, Tsakok M, et al. Are treatments more effective than placebos? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(5): e62599

33

Linde K, Fässler M, Meissner K. Placebo interventions, placebo effects and clinical practice. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci. 2011; 366(1572): 1905–12

34

Scott DJ, Stohler CS, Egnatuk CM, Wang H, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK. Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008; 65(2): 220–31

35

Oken BS. Placebo effects: clinical aspects and neurobiology. Brain. 2008; 131(Pt 11): 2812–23.

36

Matre D, Casey KL, Knardahl S. Placebo-induced changes in spinal cord pain processing. J Neurosci. 2006; 26(2): 559–63

37

Qiu YH, Wu XY, Xu H, Sackett D. Neuroimaging study of placebo analgesia in humans. Neurosci Bull. 2009; 25(5): 277–82

38

Zubieta JK, Stohler CS. Neurobiological mechanisms of placebo responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009; 1156: 198–210

39

Lidstone SC, Stoessl AJ. Understanding the placebo effect: contributions from neuroimaging. Mol Imaging Biol. 2007; 9(4): 176–85

40

Misra S. Randomized double blind placebo control studies, the "Gold Standard" in intervention based studies. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2012; 33(2): 131–134

41

Levine R. A Real Mental Ward Becomes A Movie 'Cuckoo's Nest'. The New York Times. April 13, 1975. http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/movies/bestpictures/cuckoo-ar1.html. Accessed Feb 25, 2016

42

Tooth GC, and Newton, MP: Leukotomy in England and Wales 1942–1954. London, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1961

43

Jansson B. Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize. Nobel Media AB2014. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/moniz-article.html. Accessed Feb 25, 2016

44

Soares MS, Paiva WS, Guertzenstein EZ, et al. Psychosurgery for schizophrenia: history and perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2013; 9: 509–515

45

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQa_sg4zN88

46

Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003; 361(9360): 799–808

47

Fitzgerald PB. Non-pharmacological biological treatment approaches to difficult-to-treat depression. Med J Aust. 2013; 199(6 Suppl): 48–51

48

Task Force on Electroconvulsive Therapy. The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001.

49

MacQueen G, Parkin C, Marriott M, Bégin H, Hasey G. The long-term impact of treatment with electroconvulsive therapy on discrete memory systems in patients with bipolar disorder.