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179
Andrew Reynolds, Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis. Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2008): 67, 176.
180
Paul Collier and Pedro C. Vicente. “Violence, Bribery, and Fraud: The Political Economy of Elections in sub-Saharan Africa”, Public Choice 153, no. 1 (2012): 117–47.
181
OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. “Republic of Armenia: Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017”.
182
Хотя ни одно дело не закончилось обвинительным приговором, кажется очевидным, что имела место существенная скупка голосов. См.: “Vote Buying Played Main Part in Armenian Elections, Says Expert”, Mediamax.
183
Leonardo Arriola. “Financial Institutions: Economic Liberalisation, Credit and Opposition Party Successes” // Nic Cheeseman (ed.). Institutions and Democracy in Africa: How the Rules of the Game Shape Political Developments (Cambridge University Press, 2008): 92–115.
184
Leonardo Arriola. “Financial Institutions: Economic Liberalisation, Credit and Opposition Party Successes” // Nic Cheeseman (ed.). Institutions and Democracy in Africa: How the Rules of the Game Shape Political Developments (Cambridge University Press, 2008): 92–115.
185
Eric C. C. Chang. “Electoral Incentives for Political Corruption Under Open-List Proportional Representation”, Journal of Politics 67, no. 3 (2005): 716–30; Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 59–65.
186
“Malaysia PM Najib Razak Used $700M Donation to Win 2013 Elections: WSJ”, CNBC, 28 December 2015; http://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/28/wsj-reports-malaysia-pm-najib-razak-used-700m-donation-to-win-2013elections.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017); Tom Wright and Bradley Hope. “1MDB and the Money Network of Malaysian Politics”, Wall Street Journal, 28 December 2015; https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-money-network-of-malaysian-politics-1451355113?mod=e2tw (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
187
Laurence Whitehead. Democratization: Theory and Experience (Oxford University Press, 2002).
188
Правящая партия называлась Национальной революционной партией до 1946 года.
189
Wayne A. Cornelius. “Mobilized Voting in the 2000 Elections: The Changing Efficacy of Vote Buying and Coercion in Mexican Electoral Politics” // Jorge I. Domínguez and Chappell H. Lawson (eds). Mexico’s Pivotal Democratic Election: Candidates, Voters, and the Presidential Campaign of 2000 (Stanford University Press, 2000): 47–67, 48.
190
Beatriz Magaloni. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2008): 12.
191
По аналогии с названием известного политического Уотергейтского скандала. – Прим. пер.
192
John Ross. “No Blood for Oil”, Latin American Press, 8 May 2003; http://www.latinamericapress.org/articles.asp?item=1&art=3427 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
193
Jacqueline Peschard. “Control Over Party and Campaign Finance in Mexico”, Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 22, no. 1 (2006): 97.
194
Там же.
195
Полное обсуждение выборов см.: Domínguez and Lawson (2004). Mexico’s Pivotal Democratic Election. Краткий обзор результатов см.: Joseph L. Klesner. “The End of Mexico’s One-party Regime”, Kenyon College Blog; http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/PSci/Fac/klesner/apsa97_Table1.htm (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
196
Интересное обсуждение этого вопроса см.: Simeon Nichter. “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot”, American Political Science Review 102, no. 1 (2008) 19–31; Susan C. Stokes. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina”, American Political Science Review 99, no. 3 (2005) 315–25.
197
Bruce Baker. Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement and Its Consequences (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2001): 44–73. Для сравнительных данных по Африке см.: Afrobarometer, http://afrobarometer.org (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
198
Хороший обзор проблем, стоящих перед парламентами, и разочарования избирателей, когда они не решаются, см.: Joel D. Barkan, Robert Mattes, Shaheen Mozaffar and Kimberly Smiddy. “The African Legislatures Project, First Findings”, CSSR Working Paper no. 277; https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/19858 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
199
Staffan I. Lindberg. “What Accountability Pressures Do MPs in Africa Face and How Do They Respond? Evidence from Ghana”, Journal of Modern African Studies 48, no. 1, (2010): 117–42.
200
Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 62–5.
201
См.: сайт African Legislatures Project (ALP) at the Center for Democratic Governance and Leadership.
202
См.: Barkan et al. (2010), “The African Legislatures Project”.
203
Cheeseman (2015) Democracy in Africa, 57–86.
204
Nahomi Ichino and Noah L. Nathan. “Do Primaries Improve Electoral Performance? Clientelism and Intra-party Conflict in Ghana”, American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 2 (2013): 428–41.
205
Frederic C. Schaffer and Andreas Schedler. “What is Vote Buying? Empirical Evidence” // Schaffer (ed.). Elections for Sale, 17–30; Simeon Nichter. “Conceptualizing Vote Buying”, Electoral Studies 35 (2014): 315–27.
206
Cheeseman, Lynch and Willis (2016), “Ghana Shows a Troubling Willingness to Accept Political Corruption”.
207
Nic Cheeseman, Gabrielle Lynch and Justin Willis. “Ghana: The Ebbing Power of Incumbency”, Journal of Democracy 28, no. 2 (2017): 92–104.
208
Ichino and Nathan. “Do Primaries Improve Electoral Performance?”.
209
John Malott. “Malaysia Elections: What Happened and What It Means”, Islamic Monthly, 7 May 2013; http://theislamicmonthly.com/malaysia-elections-what-happened-and-what-it-means (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
210
Mong Palatino. “Malaysia’s Election ‘Tsunami’”, Diplomat, 10 May 2013.
211
Mong Palatino. “Malaysia’s Election ‘Tsunami’”, Diplomat, 10 May 2013.
212
В коалицию входили Партия народной справедливости, Партия демократического действия и Исламская партия.
213
Jeremy Grant. “Malaysia: The Value of Cash Handouts – Vote Buying or an Economic Boost?”, Financial Times:
